产业竞争力因素分析

发布时间：2018-04-22 18:25

本文选题：产业竞争力 + 决定因素　；参考：《江西财经大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：随着经济全球化的逐步深入、高新技术的迅猛发展和全球性买方市场的基本形成，国际间的产业竞争日益加剧，产业竞争力成为一个国家或地区国际经济地位的决定性因素。因此，从20世纪80年代，尤其是90年代以来，许多国家纷纷开展产业竞争力理论研究，并取得了一些初步成果。美国哈佛商学院教授迈克尔·波特(Michael E．Porter)是产业竞争力理论的创始人。他在1990年出版的《国家竞争优势》一书中通过对10个国家100多个产业的实证分析，总结出了影响产业竞争力的六大因素，即：要素条件、需求条件、相关与支持产业、企业策略结构与竞争、机遇和政府作用，这就是著名的“钻石模型”理论(“钻石体系”理论)。这一理论的提出，为产业竞争力研究提供了系统的分析框架。然而，尽管“钻石”理论得到了世界上大多数学界、政府和产业界的赞同，但这并不能说明它就是一个十分完美的、放之四海而皆准的定律，仍存在着一些缺陷或不足。主要表现为：(1) 过分强调一个国家的“商业环境”对产业竞争力形成的作用，未把产业内部因素作为主导。(2) 忽视或淡化了“技术创新”对产业竞争力的决定性作用，未能将它放在十分突出的位子，显然与当今“知识经济” 时代产业发展与竞争的现实和规律不符。(3) 片面强调“国内需求条件”的作用，低估了国际需求条件的重大影响，未能充分体现经济全球化条件下“国内市场国际化、国际市场国内化”的大趋势。(4) 对“政府角色”的作用重视不够。在波特的“钻石”模型中，“政府”只是一个“辅助”因素，主张政府对产业发展尽量不要干预。很显然，这对于市场经济制度和市场竞争主体比较成熟的发达国家是正确的，而对于广大市场经济制度和市场竞争主体均不成熟的发展中国家或地区来说，就难以作出令人信服的解释。基于“钻石”理论业已存在的缺陷或不足，本文根据比较优势理论、竞争优势理论、国际竞争力理论以及现代竞争理论，运用规范分析与实证分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法，在充分吸收“钻石”理论合理成分的基础上，对产业竞争力的决定因素进行了系统分析，并结合中国实际进行对策研究。本文认为，产业竞争力的决定因素来源于三个层次，即：基础因素、核心因素和环境因素。所谓基础因素，是指影响产业竞争力的基本要素，主要包括基础设施、资金资源、劳动力资源、自然资源等；所谓核心因素，是指在产业竞争力中起关键作用的要素，主要包括技术创新、企业素质、市场结构等；所谓环境因素，是指来自产业外部，对产业竞争力形成和提升具有较大影响的要素，主要包括制度安排、政府作用等。只有这三个层次的力量共同作用才能决定一个产业的竞争能力。但是，由于这三个层次所包含的具体因素太多，在决定产业竞争力中不可能都经常性地发挥至关重要的作用。因此，我们只能选择其中若干起主导作用的因素。本文在综合运用经济学、管理学有关原理的基础上，通过大量的实证分析后认为，在产业竞争力的形成过程中有五个因素经常性地发挥作用，这就是:资源条件、技术创新、企业素质、产业组织结构和政府作用.为便于表述，本文称之为“五要素论”。这五大要素是决定产业竞争力的基本力量，而且，在这五大要素中，资源条件、技术创新、企业素质、产业组织结构直接作用于产业竞争力，政府通过影响其他四个要素间接作用于产业竞争力.这就是本文的理论框架。本文认为，“资源条件”是产业竞争力所必须依赖的基本资源，是产业竞争力形成的基本前提。主要包括基础设施资源、自然资源、资本资源、人力资源等. 在产业发展过程中，丰富而有特色的资源条件是其比较优势和竞争优势的重要来源，有利于降低产业内产品的生产成本，提高产业的经营效率;有利于增强产品的差异性，使产业具备竞争对手难以获取的优势;有利于扩大产业的经营规模，提高在全球市场的份额:有利于改善产业的要素供给，提升产业的发展水平。所谓“技术创新”是指新产品和新工艺设想的产生(获取)、研究开发、应用于生产、进入市场销售并实现商业利益以及新技术扩散整个过程的一切技术经济活动的总和，分为产品创新与工艺创新，渐进性创新与基本性创新，资本节约型创新、劳动节约型创新和中性型创新，综合性创新四种类型。根据现代经济增长理论，，技术创新在经济发展中越来越具有决定性的作用，也是产业竞争力形成和提高的关键因素.其作用机理主要表现为:降低产业的经营成本，使产品在市场上具有明显的价格优势;不断开发新产品，促进产品的差异化，使产业具有较强的市场垄断地位;改进生产工艺，提高产业的生产效率:提高产品的质t，推进产业内部结构高度化.实践证明，在全球性竞争日趋激烈的条件下，只有持续进行技术创新，一国产业才能保持领先的竞争优势。所谓“企业素质”，是指构成企业各要素的质t及其相互结合的外在表现特征，它决定了企业生产经营活动所必须具备的基本要素的有机结合所产生的整体功能，主要包括技术素质、管理素质、规模素质和人员素质等内容。在一个产业内，只有
[Abstract]:With the gradual deepening of economic globalization, the rapid development of high technology and the basic of the global buyer's market
The international competitiveness of industries has become increasingly fierce, and industrial competitiveness has become an international economic area of a country or region.
Therefore, since 1980s, especially since 90s, many countries have come to the forefront.
Theoretical research on industrial competitiveness has been carried out and some preliminary results have been achieved.
Michael E.Porter, a Harvard Business School professor, is the creation of the theory of industrial competitiveness.
In his book "national competitive advantage" published in 1990, he passed more than 100 industries in 10 countries.
Based on the empirical analysis, the six factors that influence the competitiveness of industry are summed up.
Related and supporting industries, corporate strategy structure and competition, opportunities and government role, this is the famous "diamond".
The theory of "diamond" is put forward by the theory of "diamond".
The analysis framework of the system.
However, although the "diamond" theory has been endorsed by most mathematical circles, governments and industry in the world,
But this does not mean that it is a perfect law that is universally applicable.
Defects or deficiencies are mainly manifested as follows: (1) overemphasizing the industrial competitiveness of a country's "business environment"
The formation of the role does not take the internal factors of the industry as the leading factor. (2) neglect or weaken the "technological innovation" to the production.
The decisive role of industry competitiveness has failed to put it in a very prominent position, obviously with today's "knowledge economy".
The industrial development of the times is not in conformity with the reality and rules of competition. (3) unilaterally emphasize the role of "domestic demand conditions".
It underestimated the great influence of international demand conditions, and failed to fully reflect the "domestic market" under the conditions of economic globalization.
(4) insufficient attention is paid to the role of "government role".
In the special "diamond" model, the "government" is only an "auxiliary" factor, and it advocates that the government should try its best to develop the industry.
It is obvious that this is a developed country with relatively mature market economy system and market competition subjects.
It is right for developing countries or regions that are immature in the market economy system and market competition subjects.
It is difficult to make a convincing explanation.
Based on the existing defects or deficiencies of diamond theory, this paper is based on the theory of comparative advantage.
Potential theory, international competitiveness theory and modern competition theory are combined with normative analysis and empirical analysis.
The combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis is based on the full absorption of the rational components of "diamond" theory.
The determinants of industrial competitiveness are systematically analyzed, and countermeasures are put forward in light of China's actual conditions.
This paper holds that the determinants of industrial competitiveness come from three levels, namely, basic factors and core factors.
The basic factors refer to the basic factors that affect the competitiveness of the industry, including the foundation.
Facilities, capital resources, labor resources, natural resources, etc.
The key elements that play a key role include technological innovation, enterprise quality, market structure, and so on.
"Su" refers to the main factors that influence the formation and upgrading of industrial competitiveness from the outside of the industry.
It includes institutional arrangements, government functions and so on. Only these three levels of forces can work together to decide an industry.
Competitive ability.
However, because these three levels contain too many specific factors, it is impossible to decide the industrial competitiveness.
Often play a crucial role. Therefore, we can only choose a number of leading factors.
In this paper, based on the principles of economics and management, a lot of empirical analysis is carried out.
It is believed that five factors play a role in the formation of industrial competitiveness, that is, resources.
Conditions, technological innovation, enterprise quality, industrial organization structure and government functions.
As the "five elements theory", these five elements are the basic forces that determine the competitiveness of the industry, and these five elements are also important factors.
In China, resource conditions, technological innovation, enterprise quality and industrial organization structure play a direct role in industrial competitiveness.
The government indirectly acts on industrial competitiveness through influencing four other elements. This is the theoretical framework of this article.
This paper holds that "resource condition" is the basic resource that must be relied on in industrial competitiveness and the competitiveness of industry.
The basic premise of the formation includes infrastructure resources, natural resources, capital resources, human resources and so on.
In the process of industrial development, abundant and distinctive resource conditions are important for their comparative advantages and competitive advantages.
The source will help reduce the production cost of the products in the industry, improve the operation efficiency of the industry, and enhance the products.
The difference makes the industry have the advantage that the competitors can not get, and is conducive to expanding the scale of the operation of the industry.
Increasing the share in the global market is conducive to improving the supply of industries and improving the level of development of the industry.
The term "technological innovation" refers to the generation, acquisition, research, development and application of new products and new processes.
All technological economy in the whole process of production, market entry, business interests and new technology diffusion.
The sum of activities can be divided into product innovation and technological innovation, incremental innovation and basic innovation, and capital saving.
Innovation, labor saving innovation and neutral innovation, comprehensive innovation four types. According to the modern economic growth
Theory, technological innovation plays an increasingly decisive role in economic development, and is also the formation and competitiveness of industrial competitiveness.
The main mechanism of the improvement is: reducing the operating cost of the industry and making the product in the market.
It has obvious price advantages, constantly developing new products, promoting product differentiation, and making the industry strong.
Market monopoly; improve production technology and improve the efficiency of industry: improve product quality T, promote
The internal structure of the industry is highly developed. Practice has proved that under the condition of increasingly fierce global competition, only continuous progress is made.
With technological innovation, a country's industry can maintain its leading competitive edge.
The so-called "enterprise quality" refers to the quality t of all elements of an enterprise and the external characteristics of its combination.
It determines the overall work generated by the organic integration of the essential elements of an enterprise's production and operation activities.
It mainly includes technical quality, management quality, scale quality and personnel quality. In an industry,
only

【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：F062.9

【引证文献】