自然资源价值及其补偿问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-08 21:22

本文选题：自然资源 + 价值　；参考：《吉林大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：自然资源价值及其补偿问题是经济可持续发展理论的重要组成部分。目前，研究资源和环境问题的学者多是从生态学、环境学、物资学或宏观政策方面着手，而运用经济学研究方法，从价值运动的角度寻找解决资源环境问题的自动运行机制的则不多见，有的也是刚刚起步，还远没有形成一个清晰的、完整的理论体系。本文在研究哲学意义和经济学意义上的价值本质特征的基础上，从生产费用、效用及其相互关系的角度，重新界定价值的本质和内涵，深入研究自然资源价值的特点、构成和量定问题，构建自然资源价值计量模型和补偿模型，分析再生产、经济增长和国际贸易过程中的自然资源价值补偿问题。其目的，是在道德规范、法律干预和政府行政命令之外寻找一种有效的经济机制和利益杠杆，约束和调整所有者、生产者和消费者的经济行为，实现自然资源的高效配置和良性循环，减少和防止经济发展过程中存在的资源浪费和环境破坏问题。在传统的哲学范式中，价值的哲学本质表现为以人类为中心的主客体相分离，把人和自然相对立。伴随经济发展，资源稀缺问题日益显现。认识自然资源价值问题，就要从人与自然、人与人、自然与自然关系的不同层面来重新界定价值的本质。价值的本质是 “客体主体化”和“主体客体化”相结合的过程、结果及其程度。自然资源与人类活动的相互作用，使自然资源本身被加工转化为人化自然。对于人化自然的价值来说，其实质是主体客体化和客体主体化的统一。从经济学的角度来说，讨论商品的价值，既要考虑其效用，也要考虑其生产费用及二者之间的关系。从买方或需求方看，商品一方面意味着一 WP=180 种效用，另一方面也意味着一种代价；从卖者或供给方看，商品一方面意味着一种费用，另一方面也意味着收益或预期收益。商品价值正是在交换关系中由买卖双方的内在规定性及其相互作用所形成的劳动耗费价值对效用价值的关系。劳动耗费价值和效用价值经过转化都可以归结为劳动时间。所以，从理论经济学角度来说，价值是价值和使用价值的统一或效用与费用关系的统一；从经济学流派的继承关系来说，则是主观价值论与客观价值论的统一。自然资源不论从哲学角度还是从经济学角度都具有价值的本质特征，自然资源不仅具有历史性，而且还越来越显现出“人化自然”的特点。自然资源的价值具有多样性、时间性、整体性、空间性、社会性、延展性和负效益性等特征。自然资源的生产费用，一是人类认识自然的劳动耗费。很多自然资源如矿产资源埋藏在地下或赋存于地表，在进入社会经济循环被人类利用之前，需要进行研究和全面认识，才能不断弄清它的具体使用价值。人类在认识自然资源的有用性、探测方法以及怎样才能创造利用它的条件等方面，已经付出了大量劳动。这种认识自然的前期劳动耗费应构成资源价值实体的组成部分。二是人类改造、利用自然资源的劳动耗费，如勘察、改造、采集、交通运输等方面的费用。三是人类保护自然资源的劳动耗费，包括维持自然资源数量和质量以及消除经济外部性等方面的费用。四是因为所有权垄断等原因人类必须分配于自然资源上的劳动消耗。自然资源的效用包括经济效用、生态效用、社会效用、选择效用、精神（文化）效用、存在效用等方面，这些效用可以转化为替代成本、外部成本、机会成本、重置成本和代际（时间）成本，即将效用转化为再生产某种效用或生产替代产品产生相同效用的社会必要劳动耗费以及因得不到某种效用而产生的损失和耗费来计算。自然资源价值的计量模型为： WP=181 其中：V为自然资源价值；为效用综合；为生产费用总和；r是自然资源丰度；α为弹性系数。自然资源的需求量为Qd，供给量为Qs，供给弹性系数为Es，需求弹性系数为Ed；i是贴现利率，t为自然资源开采的年度。自然资源的价值补偿就是对人类生产生活中所造成的资源耗费、生态破坏和环境污染等进行恢复、弥补或替换的价值表现。自然资源价值补偿不足是传统经济增长模式的产物，其实质是由于社会生产的价值运动中忽略了自然资源的投入和消耗，自然资源处于无价或低价状态，即把自然资源这一重要的生产要素排斥于或部分地排斥于社会再生产过程中的价值运动之外，造成价值构成不完整，，产品交换之后获得的货币量无法补偿自然资源的物质消耗和功能损失。自然资源价值补偿的内容应当是自然资源的全部价值。但对某种具体资源而言，要补偿的并不是其具体形态，而主要是补偿它的功能和效用。也就是说，自然资源价值补偿的目的是人类可以继续以同样的成本获得等量的效用。论文还分析了简单再生产、扩大再生产、经济增长以及开放的经济系统条件下的自然资源价值补偿问题和自然资源价值补偿对国民收入、再生产、对外贸易等方面的影响。自然资源价值的实现和补偿依赖于自然资源管理模式、产权制度和核算制度的改革和创新。在产权关系上，要建立混合型、多样化、有限制的高效产权结构，逐步引入私人所有权，形成多元化自然资源所有权体系并推进自然资源使用权、经营权的进一步市场化。在管理模式上，要突出政府在自然资源宏观管理中宏观社会管理者的地位和作用，构建政府自然资源管理目标体系。不断完善资源税征?
[Abstract]:The value of natural resources and its compensation is an important part of the theory of economic sustainable development. At present, many scholars who study resources and environmental problems begin with ecology, environmental science, material science or macro policy, and use the economic research methods to search for the automatic operation of the problem of resource and environment from the point of view of the value movement. On the basis of the study of the philosophical meaning and the essential characteristics of the value of economics, this paper redefines the essence and connotation of the value from the angle of production costs, utility and its relations, and deeply studies the price of natural resources. The characteristics, composition and determination of value, construction of the value measurement model and compensation model of natural resources, and the analysis of the compensation for the value of natural resources in the process of reproduction, economic growth and international trade. The purpose is to find an effective economic mechanism and benefit lever outside the moral norms, legal intervention and government administrative orders. Adjust the economic behavior of the owners, producers and consumers, realize the efficient allocation and virtuous cycle of natural resources, reduce and prevent the problems of resource waste and environmental damage in the process of economic development.
In the traditional philosophical paradigm, the philosophical essence of value is manifested by the separation of human centered subjective and objective body and the relative standing of man and nature. With economic development, the problem of resource scarcity is becoming increasingly apparent. To recognize the value of natural resources, we should redefine the value from the different levels of human and natural, human and natural and natural relations. The essence of value is the process of combination of "object subjectivity" and "subject objectification", the result and its degree. The interaction between natural resources and human activities makes natural resources be transformed into human nature by processing itself. For the value of human nature, its essence is the unity of the objectification of the main body and the subjection of the object.
From an economic point of view, the value of a commodity should be discussed both in terms of its utility and in the relationship between the cost of production and the relationship between the two.
WP=180
The utility, on the other hand, means a price; from the seller's or the supplier, the commodity means a cost on the one hand, the other means the income or the expected return. The value of the commodity is the relation of the value of labor to the utility value formed by the internal regulation and interaction of the buyers and sellers in the exchange relationship. The value and utility value of labor cost and utility value can be attributed to labor time. Therefore, from the perspective of theory and economics, value is the unity of value and use value, or the unity of the relationship between utility and cost; from the inheritance of economic schools, it is the unity of subjective axiology and objective axiology.
Natural resources have the essential characteristics of value from both philosophical and economic perspectives. Natural resources are not only historical, but also increasingly show the characteristics of "human nature". The value of natural resources is characterized by diversity, time, integrity, space, sociality, ductility and negative benefits.
A lot of natural resources, such as mineral resources buried in the ground or on the surface of the earth, need to be studied and fully understood before entering the social and economic cycle, in order to understand the useful value of the natural resources. Sex, detection methods, and how to create the conditions to make use of it have already paid a lot of labor. This early labor cost of understanding nature should constitute a component of the resource value entity. Two is the cost of human transformation and the use of natural resources, such as investigation, transformation, collection, transportation, and so on. Three is the human being. The cost of protecting natural resources, including the maintenance of the quantity and quality of natural resources, and the elimination of economic externalities. Four, because of the monopoly of ownership and other reasons, human beings must be allocated to the labor consumption of natural resources. The utility of natural resources includes economic utility, biological utility, social utility, choice utility, spirit (Culture). Utility, utility, etc., which can be converted into alternative costs, external costs, opportunity costs, replacement costs and intergenerational (time) costs, social necessary labor costs for the conversion of utility to the same utility or production replacement products, and losses and costs resulting from the lack of a certain utility. The calculation model of the value of natural resources is as follows:
WP=181
Among them: V is the value of natural resources; for utility synthesis; for the total cost of production; R is the abundance of natural resources; alpha is the elastic coefficient. The demand for natural resources is Qd, the supply is Qs, the supply elasticity coefficient is Es, the elastic coefficient of demand is Ed; I is the discount rate and t is the year of natural resource exploitation.
The compensation for the value of natural resources is the value performance of the recovery of resources, ecological destruction and environmental pollution, which is caused by the production and life of human beings. The lack of compensation for the value of natural resources is the product of the traditional economic growth model. The essence is that the investment of natural resources is ignored in the value movement of social production. In the state of entry and consumption, natural resources are in a state of priceless or low price, which excludes or partly excludes the important elements of natural resources from the value movement in the process of social reproduction, resulting in incomplete value composition. The amount of money acquired after the exchange of products can not compensate for the material consumption and functional loss of natural resources. The content of resource value compensation should be the full value of natural resources. But for certain specific resources, it is not the specific form to compensate for it, but mainly to compensate for its function and utility. In other words, the purpose of the compensation of natural resources is that human beings can continue to obtain equal amount of utility at the same cost. Simple reproduction, expansion of reproduction, economic growth and the value compensation of natural resources under the open economic system and the impact of the compensation of natural resources on national income, reproduction and foreign trade.
The realization and compensation of the value of natural resources depends on the mode of natural resource management, the reform and innovation of the property right system and accounting system. In the relation of property rights, it is necessary to establish a mixed, diversified, restrictive and efficient property right structure, gradually introduce private ownership, form a pluralistic self ownership system and promote the right to use natural resources, In the management mode, we should highlight the status and role of the government in macro management of natural resources, build the target system of government natural resources management, and constantly improve the resource tax levy.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：F062.1

【引证文献】