公共物品有效提供的经济学分析

发布时间：2018-07-04 21:59

本文选题：公共物品 + 有效提供　；参考：《西北大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：只要存在人类社会、存在集体，就会存在共同需要、公共利益和公共物品。经验证明，诸如基础设施之类的公共物品，可使一国具有生产和分配方面更高的生产力。与此同时，伴随着人们物质财富的增长，人们对医疗保健、文体设施、社会保险、公共安全以及社会公正和自由等公共物品的需求及其他一些共同需要也在不断地增长，这些人本类公共物品也是提高人们福利、保持社会稳定、促进社会发展所必不可少的。由于现阶段我国公共物品供给的总体水平偏低、公共物品供给结构不尽合理，导致人们对公共物品的需求不能得到很好满足。造成这种状况的主要原因是政府提供公共物品的领域过宽和采取垄断的方式提供。公共物品提供的市场失效，需要采取非市场机制的方式即集体选择的方式来提供公共物品，政府就是一种典型的集体选择方式。然而政府提供公共物品也并非完美，政府往往缺乏人们对公共物品需求的回应性甚至忽略了人们对公共物品的某些需求，导致人们对很多公共物品的需求得不到及时或者根本得不到满足，也就是说，政府在提供公共物品上也可能存在效率问题。同时，应该看到的是，由于技术进步、环境的变化、制度的选择使得市场也越来越多地介入到了公共物品的提供中去。目前，政府和市场失灵的明显化促使另一股不容忽视的力量——非营利组织与政府和市场形成三方互补和竞争结构在积极提供公共物品，满足人们的需求。理论和经验表明，公共物品集体选择并不等价于政府选择，集体选择的模式也可以以非政府组织即市场组织(营利组织)(For-profit organization)和非营利组织(Non-profit organization)的形式出现。技术进步、环境变化、制度设计水平的提高可使市场组织有效地提供公共物品。同时，在人们的相互沟通、互惠心理以及利他主义的作用下，非营利组织也能够有效供给公共物品，从而满足人们不断增长和趋于多样化的公共物品需求。更为重要的是，非营利组织不仅能够从数量上补足、补充政府纯公共物品的提供和不足，还能够提供政府不便或无积极性提供的纯公共物品，因此，非营利组织也是整个公共物品供给体系的一个重要组成部分。本文的研究表明，为了有效提供公共物品，必须廓清政府、市场和非营利组织各自提供公共物品的范围和结构。并且在不完善的现实的政府、不完善的现实的市场和现实的社会之间，建立一种有效的选择和相互协调机制，以提高各自的提供效率。根据资源优化配置的经济合理性原则和交易成本最小化原则，努力寻求政府、市场和非营利组织在公共物品供给领域的均衡点，构建公共物品提供的政府、市场、非营利组织复合型制度安排与公共物品供给的多中心体制和互补机制;建立政府与市场、政府与非营利组织的竞争—合作伙伴关系，以达到公共物品供给的社会整体最优，满足人们需要、实现公共利益。以一个一般的政府管制理论模型为基础，以政府管制这类常见并且敏感的公共物品为样本，分析了不同市场结构条件下的政府管制效率，即对资源配置或社会福利的影响，分析结果表明:竞争性行业的经济性管制会减少社会福利，具备自然垄断特点的准公共物品行业内，政府恰当的管制可增加社会福利。因此，竞争性的行业应放弃经济性管制而转而加强社会性管制，准公共物品行业应随着技术约束和市场约束的变化，而采用适应性管制。最后，作为实证研究的基本特点，构建了政府经济管制、社会管制、管制规模指标，采用了改革以来的相关时间序列数据，对政府管制对宏观经济效率的影响进行了计量经济学分析，结果表明:价格、进入等经济管制对经济增长有显著负向影响，而社会管制中的环境管制能促进经济增长，福利管制不利于经济增长，但是政府理应提供好的人本类公共物品，结论认为要放松经济管制并对其加以改革，与此同时加强社会管制。
[Abstract]:As long as the existence of human society and the existence of a collective, there will be common needs, public interests and public goods. Experience has proved that public goods, such as infrastructure, can make a country with higher productivity and distribution. At the same time, with the growth of material wealth, people have health care, stylistic facilities, and social insurance. Public goods such as public security, social justice and freedom and other common needs are growing. These people are also essential for improving the welfare of people, maintaining social stability and promoting social development.
Due to the low general supply level of public goods at the present stage and the unreasonable supply structure of public goods, the demand for public goods can not be met well. The main reason for this situation is that the government provides the wide field of public goods and the way of monopoly. The government is a typical way to select public goods by the way of non market mechanism or collective choice. However, the government is a typical way of collective choice. However, the government is not perfect in providing public goods. The government often lacks the responsiveness of people to the demand of public goods and even neglects some of the people's needs for public goods. The demand for many public goods is not in time or at all, that is, the government may also have efficiency problems in providing public goods. At the same time, it should be seen that the market is increasingly involved in the provision of public goods because of technological progress, environmental changes, and the choice of the system. The visibility of the failure of the government and the market has led to another force that can not be ignored - the non-profit organization and the government and the market form the three party complementarity and competitive structure to actively provide public goods to meet people's needs.
The theory and experience show that the collective choice of public goods is not equivalent to the choice of the government, and the mode of collective choice can also appear in the form of non-governmental organizations (For-profit organization) and non-profit organization (Non-profit organization). The field organization provides the public goods effectively. At the same time, the non-profit organizations can supply public goods effectively with the mutual communication, reciprocity and altruism, so as to meet the increasing and diversified demands of the public goods. The supply and deficiency of the pure public goods of the government can also provide the pure public goods that the government is inconvenient or without enthusiasm. Therefore, the non-profit organization is also an important part of the whole system of public goods supply.
This study shows that in order to effectively provide public goods, we must clear the government, the market and non-profit.
The organization provides the scope and structure of public goods separately, and is imperfect in the imperfect government.
Between the real market and the real society, an effective selection and coordination mechanism should be established to enhance their respective capabilities.
Efforts should be made according to the principle of economic rationalization and the minimization of transaction costs.
Seeking the equilibrium point between the government, the market and the non-profit organization in the field of public goods supply, and constructing the provision of public goods.
The multi center system and complementarity of government, market, non-profit organization's compound system arrangement and public goods supply.
Mechanism; establish a competition and partnership between government and market, government and non-profit organizations, so as to achieve public interest.
The total supply of goods is the best in the whole society, meeting people's needs and realizing public interests.
Based on a general theoretical model of government regulation, such a common and sensitive government control system.
Taking public goods as a sample, the efficiency of government regulation under different market structure conditions is analyzed.
The impact of social welfare shows that economic regulation in competitive industries will reduce social welfare.
In the quasi public goods industry with the characteristics of natural monopoly, the proper regulation of the government can increase social welfare.
The competitive industry should abandon economic regulation and turn to social regulation, and the quasi public goods industry should follow.
Finally, as the basic characteristic of empirical research, we adopt adaptive control.
The government's economic control, social control and scale control index were constructed.
The results of econometric analysis of the effect of government regulation on macroeconomic efficiency are presented.
Ming: price, entry and other economic controls have a significant negative impact on economic growth, while environmental regulation in social regulation
System can promote economic growth, welfare regulation is not conducive to economic growth, but the government should provide good people.
The conclusion is that we should relax economic regulation and reform it, and at the same time, strengthen social control.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：F062.6

【引证文献】