公共物品有效提供的经济学分析

发布时间：2018-07-04 21:59

本文选题：公共物品 + 有效提供　；参考：《西北大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：只要存在人类社会、存在集体，就会存在共同需要、公共利益和公共物品。经验证明，诸如基础设施之类的公共物品，可使一国具有生产和分配方面更高的生产力。与此同时，伴随着人们物质财富的增长，人们对医疗保健、文体设施、社会保险、公共安全以及社会公正和自由等公共物品的需求及其他一些共同需要也在不断地增长，这些人本类公共物品也是提高人们福利、保持社会稳定、促进社会发展所必不可少的。由于现阶段我国公共物品供给的总体水平偏低、公共物品供给结构不尽合理，导致人们对公共物品的需求不能得到很好满足。造成这种状况的主要原因是政府提供公共物品的领域过宽和采取垄断的方式提供。公共物品提供的市场失效，需要采取非市场机制的方式即集体选择的方式来提供公共物品，政府就是一种典型的集体选择方式。然而政府提供公共物品也并非完美，政府往往缺乏人们对公共物品需求的回应性甚至忽略了人们对公共物品的某些需求，导致人们对很多公共物品的需求得不到及时或者根本得不到满足，也就是说，政府在提供公共物品上也可能存在效率问题。同时，应该看到的是，由于技术进步、环境的变化、制度的选择使得市场也越来越多地介入到了公共物品的提供中去。目前，政府和市场失灵的明显化促使另一股不容忽视的力量——非营利组织与政府和市场形成三方互补和竞争结构在积极提供公共物品，满足人们的需求。理论和经验表明，公共物品集体选择并不等价于政府选择，集体选择的模式也可以以非政府组织即市场组织(营利组织)(For-profit organization)和非营利组织(Non-profit organization)的形式出现。技术进步、环境变化、制度设计水平的提高可使市场组织有效地提供公共物品。同时，在人们的相互沟通、互惠心理以及利他主义的作用下，非营利组织也能够有效供给公共物品，从而满足人们不断增长和趋于多样化的公共物品需求。更为重要的是，非营利组织不仅能够从数量上补足、补充政府纯公共物品的提供和不足，还能够提供政府不便或无积极性提供的纯公共物品，因此，非营利组织也是整个公共物品供给体系的一个重要组成部分。本文的研究表明，为了有效提供公共物品，必须廓清政府、市场和非营利组织各自提供公共物品的范围和结构。并且在不完善的现实的政府、不完善的现实的市场和现实的社会之间，建立一种有效的选择和相互协调机制，以提高各自的提供效率。根据资源优化配置的经济合理性原则和交易成本最小化原则，努力寻求政府、市场和非营利组织在公共物品供给领域的均衡点，构建公共物品提供的政府、市场、非营利组织复合型制度安排与公共物品供给的多中心体制和互补机制;建立政府与市场、政府与非营利组织的竞争—合作伙伴关系，以达到公共物品供给的社会整体最优，满足人们需要、实现公共利益。以一个一般的政府管制理论模型为基础，以政府管制这类常见并且敏感的公共物品为样本，分析了不同市场结构条件下的政府管制效率，即对资源配置或社会福利的影响，分析结果表明:竞争性行业的经济性管制会减少社会福利，具备自然垄断特点的准公共物品行业内，政府恰当的管制可增加社会福利。因此，竞争性的行业应放弃经济性管制而转而加强社会性管制，准公共物品行业应随着技术约束和市场约束的变化，而采用适应性管制。最后，作为实证研究的基本特点，构建了政府经济管制、社会管制、管制规模指标，采用了改革以来的相关时间序列数据，对政府管制对宏观经济效率的影响进行了计量经济学分析，，结果表明:价格、进入等经济管制对经济增长有显著负向影响，而社会管制中的环境管制能促进经济增长，福利管制不利于经济增长，但是政府理应提供好的人本类公共物品，结论认为要放松经济管制并对其加以改革，与此同时加强社会管制。
[Abstract]:Experience has shown that public goods , such as infrastructure , have a higher productivity in terms of production and distribution . At the same time , there is a growing demand for public goods such as health care , stylistic facilities , social insurance , public security and social justice and freedom , along with the growing demand for public goods , such as health care , stylistic facilities , social insurance , public security and social justice and freedom , which are essential for improving the well - being of people , maintaining social stability and promoting social development .

Because of the low overall level of public goods supply in our country , the supply structure of public goods is not satisfactory . The main reason for this condition is that the demand of public goods can not be met . The government is a typical collective choice mode . However , the government is not perfect in providing public goods . In other words , the government does not have the ability to respond to the demand of public goods . In other words , the government and the market fail to meet the demand of public goods . At present , the government and the market fail to become more and more involved in the provision of public goods . At present , the government and the market have formed three complementary and competitive structures that are complementary and competitive to the public goods , and meet the needs of people .

Theory and experience show that the collective choice of public goods is not equivalent to the government ' s choice . The mode of collective choice can also be presented in the form of non - profit organization and Non - profit organization .

The study shows that government , market and non - profit must be cleared in order to effectively provide public goods

The organization provides the scope and structure of public goods . It is not perfect in the imperfect reality of the government

Between the real market and the real society , an effective choice and mutual coordination mechanism should be established to improve their own

Provide efficiency . Efforts should be made to minimize the principle of economic rationality and transaction cost minimization based on resource optimization configuration

Seek balance of government , market and non - profit organizations in the area of public goods supply to build public goods

Government , market , non - profit organization compound system arrangement and public goods supply multi - center system and complement

Mechanism ; establishment of competition - partnership between government and market , government and non - profit organizations to achieve public health

The social overall optimization of the common goods supply meets the needs of people and realizes the public interest .

Based on a generic government regulatory model , government controls are common and sensitive

The public goods are samples , the efficiency of government control under different market structure conditions is analyzed , that is to allocate resources or

The impact of social welfare shows that the economic control of competitive industries can reduce social welfare ,

In the quasi - public goods industry with natural monopoly characteristics , the government ' s proper regulation can increase social welfare . Therefore ,

Competitive industries should give up economic control instead of strengthening social control , and quasi - public goods industries should follow

Technical constraints and changes in market constraints , with adaptive control . Finally , as the base of the empirical study

At the same time , the government economic regulation , social control and control scale index have been constructed , and when the reform has been adopted ,

The effect of government regulation on macro - economic efficiency is analyzed and the results are presented in the paper .

Ming : price , entry and other economic controls have a significant negative impact on economic growth , while environmental pipes in social control

The system can promote economic growth , welfare control is not conducive to economic growth , but the government should provide good people

The conclusion is that economic regulation is to be relaxed and reformed , while social control is strengthened .
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：F062.6

【引证文献】