中国碳交易市场分析

发布时间：2018-07-08 10:30

本文选题：碳交易市场 + 清洁发展机制　；参考：《东北财经大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：全球变暖问题受到了世界各国广泛关注,2005年《京都议定书》生效,签约国达成碳减排共识并且形成了三种市场机制：国际排放权交易、联合实施机制、清洁发展机制。通过这三种市场机制,排放二氧化碳等温室气体成为一种权利,温室气体减排量成为无形商品,具有经济价值,可以交易,这就成为碳交易市场发展的基础。我国主要参与其中的清洁发展机制。在此基础上的碳交易市场发展活跃,欧盟和美国等发达国家率先进入这个领域,并且形成了比较成熟的交易体系,其中欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制在全球碳交易市场中占主导地位。我国的碳交易市场也开始起步,发展潜力大,在国际碳交易市场上主要作为卖方向有减排责任的发达国家出售减排额,并且我国获得的经核证减排量占全球一半,是主要的供应者。目前,国内成立了北京环境交易所、上海环境能源交易所、天津排放权交易所、深圳排放权交易所等。但是我国的碳交易市场也存在很多问题。首先是相关的制度落后,主要原因是我国现在还处于工业飞速发展的阶段,能源消费和碳排放总量的增加是不可避免的；各地的能源消耗和能源使用效率差异大,行业上存在条块分割,难以以区域为单位实行配额；能源消耗与企业发展之间矛盾；粗放式增长倒逼我国难以建立规范的交易制度；碳交易发展过程中主要依赖行政力量,市场没有发挥作用。除此之外,还存在着CDM项目发展速度相对于我国的减排潜力相去甚远,CDM快速发展的方向与国家鼓励的方向不一致,成功注册的项目数量相对于印度和巴西落后,金融发展缓慢成为瓶颈。全球的金融危机也给我国的碳交易发展造成了一定的影响,企业的减排积极性受到打击,买方资金的抽逃使得我国市场秩序混乱,相对于比较完善的欧盟市场更加缺乏竞争力。《京都议定书》到期后,我国很有可能要在国际压力下承担减排义务,那时会直接影响我国可供交易额碳排放量。同时,在国际市场中印度与我国情况相似,是我国强劲的竞争对手。我国的碳交易市场主要是靠政府推动的,所以在发展过程中相关政策和管理部门的作用非常大,也为今后的发展打下基础。我国主要参与CDM交易,所以国内CDM项目全面监管框架比较完善。国内审批部门有国家气候变化领导小组、国家发展和改革委员会、科技部等,在国内审批通过之后CDM项目的申报材料还要由有资质的第三方认证机构审定核实、出具结论性的报告,然后送到联合国执行理事会申请注册。在联合国CDM执行理事会注册成功后,项目可以开始实施减排活动了。我国的碳市场具有一个突出的特征,这就是在必要的情况下,由政府为特定项目的CERs制定出不成文的指导性价格,我国政府和实施项目的企业拥有清洁发展机制项目中转让温室气体减排量而获得的收益。同时,我国参与的CERs价格存在价格显著偏低的情况,主要原因是我国缺乏定价权,其不利影响是：从短期看,我国国内参与碳交易的企业损失了巨额经济收益；从中期看,对碳交易定价权的争取不利；从长期看,未来如果我国也承担减排义务,那么国内的企业就会面临高价回购碳排放权的风险。所以,针对我国目前碳交易市场发展中的问题,本文中提出了几点建议：在碳排放权交易中引入期权定价机制；用政策推动全国性碳交易体系；采用基于行业和企业的基线与信用交易制,从而避免条块分割造成的混乱；提高企业的碳交易意识,鼓励企业创新,提高技术含量,提高能源使用效率,大力发展清洁能源,优化产业结构、能源生产结构；从目前的行政推动逐渐过渡到市场推动,注意行政推动与市场机制的互补；推进人民币国际化进程,这个进程其实与我国碳交易市场的发展是相辅相成的,互相促进的；整合各地零散的能源、环境等相关的排放权交易所,建立全国统一的碳交易中心,信息共享,形成联动等等。
[Abstract]:The issue of global warming is widely watched by the countries of the world . In 2005 , the Kyoto Protocol entered into force , and the signatory countries entered into a consensus on carbon emission reduction and formed three market mechanisms : international emission trading , joint implementation mechanism and clean development mechanism . Through these three market mechanisms , greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide have become a right , and the emission reduction of greenhouse gases has become the basis for the development of carbon trading market . In China , the carbon trading market is active , and the developed countries such as the European Union and the United States have taken the lead in this area and formed a relatively mature trading system , in which the EU greenhouse gas emission trading mechanism dominates the global carbon trading market .

China ' s carbon trading market has also started to start , the potential for development is large , and in the international carbon trading market , the developed countries mainly sell emission reduction in the developed countries with emission reduction responsibilities , and the certified emission reduction in China accounts for half of the world , which is the main supplier . At present , Beijing Environmental Exchange , Shanghai Environmental Energy Exchange , Tianjin Emission Trading Exchange and Shenzhen Emission Trading Exchange etc . have been set up in China .

But China ' s carbon trading market also has a lot of problems . First , the related system is backward , mainly because our country is still in the stage of industrial rapid development , the increase of energy consumption and carbon emission is inevitable ;
There is a large difference in energy consumption and energy use efficiency all over the country , there is a division in the industry , it is difficult to carry out quotas in units of regional units ;
The contradiction between energy consumption and enterprise development ;
The rough growth reversed our country ' s difficult to establish a standardized trading system ;
In addition , the development rate of CDM project is far from that of China . In addition , the development speed of CDM project is far from that of China . In addition , the direction of CDM rapid development is not consistent with the direction of national encouragement . The number of successful registered projects has caused a certain impact on China ' s carbon trading development . The global financial crisis has caused the market order of our country to be confused . At the same time , China is likely to bear the emission reduction obligations under international pressure . At the same time , China is similar to our country in the international market , which is a strong competitor in our country .

China ' s carbon trading market is mainly driven by the government , so the role of relevant policies and management departments in the development process is very big , it also lays a foundation for the future development . The domestic approval department has a prominent feature of the national climate change leading group , the National Development and Reform Commission , the Ministry of Science and Technology and so on . At the same time , China ' s participation in the CDM project has a prominent feature . At the same time , China ' s participation in the CDM project has a prominent feature , which is mainly due to the lack of pricing power in our country .
In the medium term , adverse effects on the pricing power of carbon trading ;
In the long run , if our country also assumes the obligation of emission reduction , domestic enterprises will face the risk of high price buy - back carbon emission right .

Therefore , aiming at the problems in the development of carbon trading market in China , some suggestions are put forward : the option pricing mechanism is introduced in the carbon emission trading .
Promote national carbon trading system by policy ;
Adopting the baseline and credit trading system based on industry and enterprise , thus avoiding the confusion caused by the segmentation ;
improve the carbon trading consciousness of enterprises , encourage enterprises to innovate , improve the technical content , improve energy use efficiency , vigorously develop clean energy , optimize industrial structure and energy production structure ;
From the current administrative impetus to the market promotion , pay attention to the complementation between the administrative push and the market mechanism ;
The process of internationalizing RMB internationalization is in fact complementary and mutually reinforcing with the development of China ' s carbon trading market ;
Integration of scattered energy , environment and other relevant emission rights exchanges , the establishment of a national unified carbon trading center , information sharing , formation linkage and so on .
【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：X196

【引证文献】