知识作业过程及难度描述

发布时间：2018-09-09 08:42

【摘要】： 世界以人为中心，准确地说，当代知识经济社会以人的认知为本，这不仅是实现以人为本的目标也是实现以人为本的手段。因此，认知与脑功能问题成为当代科学技术研究的前沿领域。在这样的背景下，本文讨论了构建知识作业／脑力劳动的主观符号系统、物理符号系统及其二者之间的关系等基础问题。知识经济社会是依靠知识或脑力创造财富的社会，已经非同于操作性劳动为主的工业经济社会，提高知识作业／脑力劳动效率成为“二十一世纪管理科学中的首要研究任务”。但是，关于脑力、知识经济的研究才刚刚起步，甚至对于一些基本概念还缺乏统一认识。鉴于这个现状，本研究首先从知识作业的基本定义开始，根据认知科学理论，结合泰勒的科学管理基本原理以及本文研究的实际需要，定义了知识作业，澄清了脑力劳动与体力劳动的本质差异，同时为后续研究奠定了基础。第二，过程管理是现代科学管理的核心，过程管理的基础在于对作业过程的描述。只有解决了知识作业过程的表征才能从过程上控制知识作业流程，实现知识作业的过程管理。因此，知识作业过程表征是知识作业管理中的最基础与核心的问题。在本部分中，首先，在认知科学和心理科学的理论基础上，建立了知识作业过程心理模型；然后，在对知识作业认知过程进行抽象的基础上，建立了知识作业过程数学模型；最后，基于认知科学和ACT-R理论，建立了知识作业过程仿真模型，采用模型方法验证心理模型和数学模型的转换关系。知识作业过程从心理科学的角度可描述为心智操作(MO)过程，心智操作如同操作作业的动素。以心智操作为基础的知识作业心理模型，表明了知识作业过程是构造心智操作链的过程。基于上述分析提出了知识作业的九因子心智操作假设，以问卷调查方式收集多种知识作业过程的数据，通过实证的方法证实了在知识作业过程中存在类似于操作性作业的“动素”——心智操作的假设。知识作业过程同时也是问题解决的过程，是在问题空间的路径搜索过程。以西蒙认知过程和马尔科夫链为理论基础的知识作业过程数学模型，表明了知识作业过程是各状态点在问题状态空间内以一定概率进行转换的序列，通过调整HMM的λ参数使得模型产生的观测序列的概率P_r(O／λ)最大，即观测序列可以将知识作业过程外显。知识作业过程的数学模型也为知识作业过程仿真模型奠定了理论基础。对人工智能的研究是通过对人思维的模拟，基于ACT-R理论的知识作业过程仿真模型，是通过计算技术对知识作业过程进行仿真，仿真结果验证了通过心智操作链可以有效描述知识作业过程。第三，只有采用客观、统一、准确和有效知识作业评价标准，才能实现高效、自主的知识作业过程，因此，知识作业的客观评价方法及评价标准是知识作业科学管理的另一个核心问题。知识作业在过程上是心智操作，在结果上是知识，这些都与操作作业不同，因此，在科学管理中对操作性体力劳动进行计量、评测的经典方法，如“计时”、“计件”等，难以在知识作业的管理中发挥有效的作用。衡量知识作业的标准是知识作业的质量而不是数量，知识作业的难度是评价知识作业质量的重要指标之一，本文提出将知识作业难度作为知识作业评测的指标，并对影响知识作业难度的两个要素——操作对象和操作方式的测量进行了探索性研究。在本部分中，首先，讨论了操作对象知识量的计量方法；其次，通过电生理实验探讨了操作方式的测量以及难度的评价准则。知识作业中无论加工对象还是加工、处理规则都包含知识，或者说都由知识所建构，因此，知识测量是对知识作业度量的重心和评测知识作业的关键。通过认知仿真实验，提出了基于社会必要教学时间的知识量测量方法，采用必要教学时间衡量知识量的标准具有客观性，避免了因人而异的由知识依附主体所引起的知识测量的不确定性。知识的测量不仅在管理学，，在信息科学、情报科学、认知科学等都有基础意义。探讨认知与脑功能无损伤实验是研究此类问题的前沿方法。本文分别采用脑电、电生理测量等方法，讨论了知识作业过程的认知特点及操作方式的计量问题，对属于心理变量的难度进行客观测量和表征，将主观符号转换成物理符号并进行标识，消除了个体主观差异。实验结果表明反应时、脑区激活程度等生理指标和难度存在映射关系，为管理学中心理变量的客观测度提供了实验研究范式。基于实验数据，知识作业难度来源于操作对象知识量和心智操作量，知识量、心智操作量和难度之间均存在幂指数关系。由于知识量是无单位的标量，本文提出了知识比的概念，对知识作业间的知识量进行标定。同时也指出作业的复杂性、模糊性、不确定性和不完备性等知识作业操作对象和操作方式特征对知识作业的难度进行权衡。最后，本文采用探索性与验证性方法讨论了知识作业难度要素与要素的结构问题，根据结构模型探讨了操作对象和操作方式影响难度的权重系数，并在此基础上构建了知识作业难度描述模型，旨在建立知识作业难度的一般评价模型，这将为知识作业的管理、岗位价值、任务价值评价和绩效考核提供了标准，具有管理学的基础意义，在管理实践中也具有实际意义。
[Abstract]:The world is human-centered, to be exact, the contemporary knowledge economy society is human-centered, which is not only the goal of human-centered, but also the means of human-centered. Therefore, cognitive and brain function issues have become the frontier areas of contemporary scientific and technological research. Dynamic subjective symbol system, physical symbol system and the relationship between the two.
Knowledge-based economy society is a society that relies on knowledge or brainpower to create wealth, which is different from the industrial economy society in which operating labor is the main part. To improve the efficiency of knowledge-based operation/brainwork has become the "primary task of Management Science in the 21st century". In view of this situation, this study begins with the basic definition of knowledge homework, defines knowledge homework according to cognitive science theory, combined with Taylor's basic principles of scientific management and the actual needs of this study, clarifies the essential differences between mental and physical labor, and at the same time provides follow-up research. The study laid the foundation.
Secondly, process management is the core of modern scientific management, and the basis of process management lies in the description of operation process. Only by solving the representation of knowledge operation process can we control knowledge operation process and realize the process management of knowledge operation. In this part, firstly, based on the theory of cognitive science and psychological science, the psychological model of knowledge homework process is established; secondly, the mathematical model of knowledge homework process is established on the basis of abstracting the cognitive process of knowledge homework; finally, the simulation of knowledge homework process is established based on cognitive science and ACT-R theory. In real models, the transformation relationship between mental models and mathematical models is verified by model method.
The process of knowledge work can be described as a mental operation (MO) process from the perspective of psychology. The mental operation is like the motive of operation. The mental model of knowledge work based on mental operation shows that the process of knowledge work is a process of constructing mental operation chain. In this paper, we collect data from a variety of knowledge operations by means of questionnaires, and verify the hypothesis that there exists a "motive" in knowledge operations, which is similar to that in operational operations.
The process of knowledge operation is also a process of problem solving and a process of path searching in problem space. The mathematical model of knowledge operation process based on Simon cognitive process and Markov chain shows that knowledge operation process is a sequence of state points transformed with a certain probability in problem state space by adjusting HMM. The parameter of_makes the probability of observation sequence P_r(O/_) maximum, that is, observation sequence can make knowledge operation process explicit. The mathematical model of knowledge operation process also lays a theoretical foundation for knowledge operation process simulation model.
The research of artificial intelligence is based on the simulation of human thinking and the simulation model of knowledge operation process based on ACT-R theory. The simulation results show that the knowledge operation process can be described effectively by the mental operation chain.
Thirdly, only by adopting objective, unified, accurate and effective evaluation criteria of knowledge homework can we realize efficient and independent knowledge homework process. Therefore, the objective evaluation methods and evaluation criteria of knowledge homework are another core issue in the scientific management of knowledge homework. Therefore, the classical methods of measuring and evaluating operational manual labor in scientific management, such as "timing" and "piece by piece", are difficult to play an effective role in the management of knowledge operations. In this part, firstly, the measurement method of knowledge quantity of operation object is discussed; secondly, the measurement method of knowledge quantity of operation object is discussed by electricity. Physiological experiments were conducted to explore the measurement of operation mode and the evaluation criteria of difficulty.
Knowledge measurement is the focus of knowledge homework measurement and the key to evaluating knowledge homework. Through cognitive simulation experiment, a method of knowledge measurement based on social necessary teaching time is proposed, which adopts necessary teaching time. The standard of measuring the amount of knowledge is objective, which avoids the uncertainty of knowledge measurement caused by the subject of knowledge dependence. The measurement of knowledge is of fundamental significance not only in management science, but also in information science, information science and cognitive science.
This paper discusses the measurement of cognitive characteristics and operation modes in the process of knowledge-based operation by means of electroencephalogram and electrophysiological measurements, and objectively measures and characterizes the difficulty of psychological variables, transforming subjective symbols into physical symbols. The results show that there is a mapping relationship between physiological indexes such as activation degree of brain area and difficulty in response time, which provides an experimental paradigm for objective observation of psychological variables in management.
Based on the experimental data, the difficulty of knowledge assignment comes from the power exponential relationship between the knowledge quantity of the operation object and the mental operation quantity, the knowledge quantity, the mental operation quantity and the difficulty. Fuzziness, uncertainty and incompleteness weigh the difficulty of knowledge operation.
Finally, this paper uses exploratory and verifiable methods to discuss the structure of knowledge task difficulty elements and elements, discusses the weight coefficients of operation objects and operation modes affecting the difficulty according to the structure model, and builds a knowledge task difficulty description model on this basis, aiming at establishing a general evaluation model of knowledge task difficulty. It will provide a standard for knowledge operation management, post value, task value evaluation and performance appraisal. It has the basic meaning of management and practical significance in management practice.
【学位授予单位】：电子科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F062.3;F224

【引证文献】