资本与生产力关系的哲学审视

发布时间：2018-09-19 12:18

【摘要】：现代社会生产力发展中出现的公平和效率、发展和代价、经济伦理等矛盾是资本运作中内在具有的。过去我们只是单纯讲市场经济，不能深刻地揭示生产力发展中的这些矛盾。必须把当代社会生产力的发展和资本结合起来研究，考察它们之间的辨证关系，才能深刻理解和正确解决生产力发展中的一系列矛盾，从而为快速、稳定、健康地发展社会生产力提供理论论证。本论文认为，人类社会生产力发展经过资本阶段具有历史必然性。资本在本质上一种价值形式。在社会分工和劳动交换的基础上，必然出现商品，商品又可解析为使用价值和交换价值。由于商品的内在矛盾，交换价值必然要求取得独立的表现形式，这就是货币。货币包含着质的单一性和量的无限性的矛盾，这一矛盾内在地要求在量上的无限增值。货币在概念上的这一内在矛盾一旦和抽象地创造价值的劳动在生产中结合起来，就不可避免地转化为资本。在现代社会生产力发展中，作为生产关系层面和技术操作层面的统一，资本包涵三层含义：从人类社会生产力发展的大过程来看，它是一种生产方式；从技术层面上看，它是一种能够带来剩余价值的价值，是货币；从生产要素意义上看，它是有形的生产资料或无形的文化和知识，实际上是过去我们所讲的资产。资本和市场经济关系是这样的：资本是区别商品经济和市场经济的关键，市场经济中生产力的发展是由资本推动的。资本是市场经济的主体，市场经济就是所有权资本之间自由竞争从而形成有效配置社会资源的经济发展模式。资本是适应现代社会生产力发展的有效形式。在现代社会生产中，一方面，人作用于自然界、发展生产力的工具多数是以集中形式表现的大机器，要进一步地发展生产力，就不可能把生产资料（例如机器）分配给每个人所有，否则生产将无法进行，因此，生产资料等劳动条件必然表现为所有权的存在；另一方面，生产力的发展要实现不断地积累，也不可能把劳动结果平均分配给每个劳动者，必然要以某种形式集中起来，作为进一步发展生产力的前提。在这种情况下，大多数劳动者必然要把自己的劳动力作为商品投入到生产中去。大机器生产把人们的劳动变为最简单的劳动，从而使整个社会劳动普遍化和抽象化；普遍化和抽象化的劳动为价值形式在全社会的确立提供了实践基础。这样，生产要素便在资本的支配下以价值形式体现出来。资本存在的历史理由是发展生产力。一般社会生产力的发展是在人们的由物质需要和生产劳动、精神需要和精神生产、经济交往和交往规范中组成的具体劳动过程中实现的。资本在生产力发展中的内在机制在于：它适合现代社会化大生产，能够不断吸纳“不费分文”的社会力量，如分工、协作等产生的整体力量；它能够不断地吸纳科学知识，使科学知识有效地应用到生产力的发展过程中去；它在不断扩展的社会交往中保存和发展社会生产力，，这一点在今天的经济全球化中看得非常清WP=3楚；它又在相互间不断的竞争中发展社会生产力；资本运作的强大生命力还表现在它具有内在的创新机制。资本发展生产力的这些内在机制所以能够实现，在于资本的一系列辨证运动：首先是资本运作中价值生产的普遍化使人们的具体物质需要转化为抽象需要，抽象需要在消费中又转变为具体需要，而无止境的抽象需要不断地刺激生产力的发展；其次是资本运作中“一”与“多”的辨证运动，即货币的“一”通过市场及价值规律作用转化为生产要素的“多”，经过具体的生产劳动过程和商品流通过程，“多”又转化为价值量增加了的“一”；再次，在生产中，资本增值生产目的要求增加必要劳动，以增加剩余价值，同时，采取新机器或新技术的要求又会减少必要劳动；在流通中，资本为了使生产顺利进行，既要扩展商品流通范围，又要求消灭流通。正是资本的这一增加和减少、扩张和约束的辨证运动促使生产力不断发展。资本促进生产力发展的内在机制和辨证运动最终促进了人类社会生产力的发展，创造了未来社会的雄厚物质基础，开拓出普遍的社会交往直至全球化，促进科学知识进步，从而进一步推进社会生产力的发展。但是，另一方面，由于资本运作只是片面地追求剩余价值，因此就资本运作的具体过程来说，资本又有限制生产力发展的一面。无限制的剩余价值生产促使资本掠夺自然资源，压榨劳动力，从而造成资本增值和优化生态环境之间的矛盾，造成资本增值和人的发展之间的矛盾。这些矛盾证明了资本的历史暂时性。资本的存在具有世界历史意义，当代世界总体生产力发展水平的低下决定了资本生产方式还有很大的生存空间。知识资本和人力资本是当代资本新形态。“知识经济”并不是一个新时代，知识经济的实质只是知识借助于资本化而在生产中发挥重要作用。但知识在资本生产中已经发挥的巨大作用以及当代西方某些学者的未来主义学说可以证明马克思关于资本运作限度的预言。就全人类而言，知识一旦取代货币资本在生产中占据支配地位，价值、货币和资本就消失了。在社会主义初级阶段市场经济下，由于生产力发展水平相对低，所有权和劳动力商品化的合理性，再加上改革开放和经济全球化的发展趋势，资本的存在具有历史必然性。认识社会主义资本的必然性是为
[Abstract]:The contradictions of equity and efficiency, development and cost, and economic ethics in the development of productive forces in modern society are inherent in the operation of capital. Only the dialectical relationship between them can we deeply understand and correctly solve a series of contradictions in the development of productive forces, thus providing theoretical proof for the rapid, stable and healthy development of social productive forces.
This paper holds that the development of the productive forces of human society has its historical inevitability through the capital stage.Capital is essentially a form of value.On the basis of social division of labor and labor exchange,commodities are bound to appear and can be interpreted as use value and exchange value.Because of the inherent contradiction of commodities,exchange value is bound to require independence. Money contains the contradiction between qualitative simplicity and quantitative infinity, which inherently requires infinite increment in quantity. Once this inherent contradiction in concept is combined with labor which creates value abstractly in production, it will inevitably be transformed into capital. In force development, as the unity of production relations and technological operation, capital includes three meanings: from the perspective of the great process of the development of human social productive forces, it is a mode of production; from the perspective of technology, it is a value that can bring surplus value, is a currency; from the perspective of production factors, it is tangible. The relationship between capital and market economy is as follows: capital is the key to distinguish commodity economy from market economy, and the development of productivity in market economy is driven by capital. Capital is the main body of market economy, and market economy is the self-dependence of ownership capital. From competition, the economic development mode of effective allocation of social resources can be formed.
Capital is an effective form to adapt to the development of productive forces in modern society. In modern social production, on the one hand, man acts on nature and the tools for developing productive forces are mostly large machines in a centralized form. On the other hand, if the development of productive forces is to achieve continuous accumulation, it is impossible to distribute the results of labor equally to every laborer, so it is necessary to concentrate the results of labor in some form as a prerequisite for further development of productive forces. The laborer must put his own labor into production as a commodity. Large machine production makes people's labor the simplest, thus making the whole social labor universalization and abstraction; universalization and abstraction of labor for the establishment of value forms in the whole society provides a practical basis. Under the domination of Ben, it is embodied in the form of value.
The historical reason for the existence of capital is the development of productive forces.The development of social productive forces in general is realized in the concrete process of labor composed of material needs and productive labor, spiritual needs and spiritual production, economic exchanges and norms of communication.The internal mechanism of capital in the development of productive forces lies in its suitability for modern socialization. Production can constantly absorb the social forces that "cost nothing", such as division of labor, cooperation and other overall forces; it can constantly absorb scientific knowledge, so that scientific knowledge can be effectively applied to the development of productive forces; it preserves and develops social productive forces in expanding social exchanges, which is in today's economy. WP = 3 is very clear in globalization; it develops social productive forces in the constant competition among them; the strong vitality of capital operation is also manifested in its inherent innovation mechanism. The generalization of value production transforms people's concrete material needs into abstract needs, Abstract needs into concrete needs in consumption, and endless Abstract needs constantly stimulate the development of productive forces; secondly, the dialectical movement of "one" and "many" in capital operation, that is, the "one" of money is done through market and value law. With the "many" transformed into the factors of production, through the concrete labor process of production and the circulation process of commodities, "many" is transformed into the "one" of increased value. Thirdly, in production, the purpose of capital-added production requires that necessary labor be added to increase surplus value, and at the same time, the requirement of adopting new machines or new technologies will reduce the necessity. Labor; in circulation, capital, in order to make production go smoothly, not only needs to expand the scope of commodity circulation, but also requires the elimination of circulation.
The intrinsic mechanism and dialectical movement of capital to promote the development of productive forces ultimately promote the development of human social productive forces, create a solid material foundation for the future society, open up universal social exchanges and even globalization, promote the progress of scientific knowledge, and thus further promote the development of social productive forces. As for the specific process of capital operation, capital has the side of restricting the development of productive forces. The production of unrestricted surplus value promotes capital to plunder natural resources and squeeze labor force, thus causing the contradiction between capital appreciation and optimizing the ecological environment, resulting in capital appreciation and human development. These contradictions prove the historical temporariness of capital. The existence of capital has world historical significance. The low level of development of the contemporary world's total productive forces determines that there is still much room for capital production. Knowledge capital and human capital are new forms of contemporary capital. The essence of knowledge-based economy is that knowledge plays an important role in production only by means of capitalization. But the great role that knowledge has played in capital production and the futurism theory of some contemporary western scholars can prove Marx's prediction about the limit of capital operation. As far as the whole mankind is concerned, knowledge once replaces money capital in production Production dominates, value, money and capital disappear.
Under the market economy of the primary stage of socialism, the existence of capital has historical inevitability because of the relatively low level of development of productive forces, the rationality of the commercialization of ownership and labor force, and the development trend of reform and opening up and economic globalization.
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：F014.2

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