农户生产分工差别化影响研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 02:01

  本文选题：分工 + 差别化　； 参考：《西南大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：当前时值我国深化改革全面推进,经济发展步入新常态的特殊时期,农业发展面临的外部环境和内在动因正在发生深刻变化,深入探讨农业分工尤其是农户生产分工的一般规律,对于加快农业现代化进程具有一定积极意义。本文以种植业为例对农户生产分工差别化现象做出科学解释,着重解答以下科学问题:农户生产分工表现出什么样的差别特征?经营效益及其他因素对农户分工影响效应和作用机理如何?这些因素影响下农户生产分工差别化形成的内在规律是什么?旨在通过对农户生产环节分工差别化的探索,揭示农户生产分工差别化的一般规律,进而为促进农户生产分工,增进农业经营效益,推动农业现代化发展提供借鉴和参考。(1)本文研究的根本目的是要揭示农户生产分工差别化影响的一般规律,主要研究内容包括以下几个部分:(1)农户生产分工影响理论分析框架。主要任务是在理论借鉴和文献综述基础上,建立经营效益视角下农户生产分工影响的理论分析框架,引导后续实证研究的开展。对农户生产分工核心概念内涵进行界定,通过一般均衡分析法,分别分析经营效益影响农户生产分工的实现路径以及农户生产分工影响经营效益的作用途径,分别分析交易费用、交易风险、生产迂回和要素资源等因素影响农户生产分工的作用路径,为后续实证研究的开展奠定理论基础。(2)农户生产分工演进趋势与发展现状。主要任务是在理论分析农户生产分工差别化影响的基础上,刻画农户生产分工发展变化趋势,调查反映农户生产分工现状特征。回顾农户分工发展历程及不同时期生产分工取得的成就,进而定量分析农户生产分工演进的趋势变化。在此基础上,开展农户生产分工现状调查,对农户生产分工进行量化与测度,进而分析农户整体生产分工水平和细分环节分工程度上的特征表现。(3)农户生产分工差别特征描述和比较。主要任务是在对农户生产分工发展现状调查基础上,通过微观运行数据来观察农户生产分工的区别及特征,进一步比较不同经营效益农户分工差别。对农户生产分工差别进行总体描述,分别分析整体生产分工水平和细分环节分工程度差别的特征表现。在此基础上,按照农户经营效益水平进行分组,比较不同经营效益条件下农户生产分工差别,进而分析整体生产分工水平和细分环节分工程度随经营效益水平变化的特征。(4)农户生产分工影响因素实证分析。主要任务是在通过微观截面数据识别农户生产分工差别化特征基础上,运用农户问卷调查数据,实证测度分析农户生产分工影响因素及其作用程度。基于种植业农户问卷调查数据,建立农户生产分工影响的实证分析模型,对实证分析方法以及使用指标数据进行必要解释和说明,进而分别实证估计经营效益及其他因素对整体生产分工水平和细分环节分工程度的影响效应,并对估计结果进行稳健性检验。(5)农户生产分工差别化影响机理解析。主要任务是实证分析经营效益及其他因素对农户生产分工影响效应基础上,深入分析这些影响效应对农户生产分工的作用机理,进而揭示农户生产分工差别化形成的内在规律。先围绕经营效益对农户生产分工累积影响机理展开分析,进而分别分析交易费用、交易风险、生产迂回和要素资源对农户生产分工影响的作用机理,以及这些影响在经营效益作用下的效应反馈与强化,探讨多重因素影响下农户生产分工差别化形成过程,解析分工差别化过程中调节作用机制。(2)本文按照“科学问题识别——理论分析推演——实证分析验证——规范分析归纳”的逻辑思路展开研究,研究结论表明:(1)分工发展总体上呈上升态势,现阶段农户会在多个环节上进行分工。农户生产分工发展总体上呈上升态势,经历一个快速推进到稳步发展的过程,分工指数增长速度逐渐减慢。对545个种植业农户的调查统计结果显示,农户生产分工环节数量的平均值为5.05,标准差为2.58,农户不是独立完成整个种植生产流程,而是会把大部分工序环节交由其他个人或组织来代为完成,从而使整体生产分工达到一定水平。不过,调查中还发现,当前农户细分环节分工程度普遍不高,不同工序环节分工程度具有一定差距,只有耕整、收获和储运等3个环节的分工程度均值高于2.5,说明尽管农户会选择多个工序环节进行分工生产,但是在每个工序环节上的分工并不完全,该环节上只有部分工作是由生产性服务组织或个人来协助完成,仍然还有大部分工作是由农户自己亲自操作。(2)不同农户整体生产分工水平和细分环节分工程度都有明显差别。在调查的545个种植业样本农户中,不同分工环节数量农户的比重相差不大,在4个环节上进行分工生产的农户比例最高,也只达到17.06%,没有出现在某个特定环节数量选项上的大面积集中,说明不同农户根据自身情况选择把一定数量的生产环节进行分工生产,农户进行分工生产的环节数量具有明显差别。农户细分环节分工程度也表现出差别化特征,不同环节差别程度略有不同,耕整、播栽、储运环节分工程度差别较为显著,育种、施肥、灌溉、植保、除草和收获环节分工程度略不明显。此外,不同经营效益农户整体生产分工水平和细分环节分工程度均有一定差别。农户经营效益水平越高,分工生产环节数量越多,育种、播栽、灌溉、植保、除草、储运环节分工程度越高,收获环节分工程度越低。而耕整和施肥环节分工程度在不同经营效益水平上也具有一定差别。(3)经营效益对农户生产分工产生累积影响效应,两者之间具有互动影响。联立方程组实证估计结果显示,经营效益水平在1%显著性水平下对农户整体生产分工水平的影响效应程度达到2.747,说明农户在种植生产经营中获取收益的大小会影响其分工生产的环节数量,同时,这种影响效应具有反馈作用,农户整体生产分工对经营效益水平的影响系数达到0.088,且通过1%显著性水平检验,表明分工环节数量增加可以带来经营效益水平的有效提升。综合来看,经营效益促进分工环节数量提高和环节分工程度提升,分工水平提高获取生产经营收益,经营效益增进进一步推动分工发展,两者之间具有互动影响关系。此外,经营效益水平还对育种、灌溉、植保、除草等环节分工程度具有促进作用,影响效应分别达到0.371、0.324、0.395和0.480,且在1%的显著性水平下显著。(4)多种因素会对农户生产分工产生不同影响效应。交易费用、交易风险、生产迂回、要素资源等是影响农户生产分工的主要因素,影响方向和作用程度具有一定差异。交易费用和交易风险则会对农户生产分工产生消极影响,比如,监督难度和生产专用性等指标对农户整体分工水平的影响系数分别是-0.257和-0.143,同时,交易费用和交易风险还会对农户细分环节分工程度产生不同程度的负面影响。生产迂回与要素资源对农户生产分工具有积极影响,例如,分工可获取性对整体生产分工水平产生0.205的影响效应,且在5%显著性水平下显著,对其他细分环节分工程度均产生不同程度的正向影响,影响效应介于0.142到0.317之间,且都能通过显著性检验;要素禀赋和资源条件则是通过对经营效益水平产生正向影响,如土壤肥力对经营效益水平影响系数达到0.092,进而通过经营效益与生产分工互动影响作用来间接促进农户生产分工。(5)多重影响效应不断积累造成农户生产分工差别化。基于经营效益对农户生产分工的累积影响效应,生产分工与经营效益之间形成一个相互影响的内生作用系统,交易费用及交易风险的抑制作用和生产迂回与要素资源的促动作用传递到生产分工,进而反馈作用于经营效益,再次强化响应作用于生产分工,在传递、反馈、强化作用机理共同影响下,农户生产分工分化生成,经过长时期不断的效应传递与响应强化,最终形成农户生产分工的差别化。分工差别大小取决于农户初始的促进条件与抑制条件效应之和p,以及生产分工反馈作用于经营效益与经营效益再次强化作用于生产分工的效应之积为q,当参数q(27)1时,农户生产分工差别会收敛于(7)(8)p(1(10)q)1-q,q数值越大,农户生产分工差别越明显;当参数q?1时,农户生产分工差别会在初始的促进条件与抑制条件效应之和p的作用方向基础上无限增大,呈发散状态。(6)分工调节机制作用下农户生产分工差别得以维持相对稳态。分位数回归结果表明,经营效益、交易费用、交易风险、生产迂回、要素禀赋和资源条件等影响因素在不同分工水平上对农户生产分工的效应程度会发生改变,从而使农户生产分工产生一种内在调节作用机制。在这种分工调节机制作用下,农户生产分工差别会保持一个相对稳定状态,分工差别不会无限扩大。一方面,经营效益激励调节作用避免农户生产分工两极分化,把差别控制在一定限度之内,参数q值随着分工水平向高、低两极分化而逐渐减小,农户生产分工总体影响效应得以收敛;另一方面,交易费用及交易风险的抑制调节作用和生产迂回与要素资源的促进调节作用使得不同分工水平上的抑制和促进效应基本均衡,参数p值在不同分工水平上保持相对稳定,可以把农户生产分工差别维持稳定在一定范围之内。(3)本文研究可能的创新之处是:(1)从经营效益这个较新的切入点出发研究农户生产分工行为。本文对已有研究成果的进行一些突破,尝试通过经营效益切入研究农户生产分工问题,在研究视角上具有一定新意。现有关于农户生产分工研究成果大多是围绕交易费用、不确定性、要素禀赋等展开,尽管这些都是影响农户生产分工的重要因素,但是它们却可能都只是分工的必要非充分条件,换言之,上述条件改善确有利于农户生产分工发展,但不一定是触发农户生产分工的动因。以经营效益为切入点来看待农户生产分工,特别是考虑经营效益与生产分工具有的互动影响关系,能够观察出与以往分析略有不同的农户生产分工状况。因此,本文透过经营效益来分析农户生产分工行为,可以发现一些分工现象背后的新规律。(2)提出农户分工差别会在调节机制作用下保持相对稳定的较新观点。本文聚焦已有研究较少涉及的农户生产分工差别化问题,认为农户分工差别会在内部调节机制作用下保持相对稳定状态,在观点上有所创新。本文揭示农户生产差别化形成一般机理,在实证农户生产分工与经营效益具有互动影响基础上,发现诸如交易费用、交易风险、生产迂回、要素禀赋、资源条件等因素对农户生产分工产生的影响会通过上述两者之间互动影响实现效应反馈与响应,从而加剧不同农户生产分工分化,经过长期作用累积最终形成分工差别化,进一步发现由于经营效益及其他因素对不同分工水平农户生产分工影响程度具有差异,因而农户生产分工不会呈现极端的两极分化,会在这种内在调节作用下形成一种自我稳定机制,使分工差别维持在相对稳定的状态。(3)在研究农户生产分工差别化问题中尝试运用新方法。本文在借鉴现有研究成果基础上,尝试把主成份分析、核密度估计、联立方程组估计、分位数回归等定量研究方法引入分析农户生产分工差别化问题的研究中,在方法上可能具有一定新意。具体而言:一是实证分析农户生产分工影响因素效应过程中建立联立方程组进行回归估计,实证经营效益与农户生产分工之间的互动影响效应,比以往研究有所新意。二是运用分位数回归法实证影响因素对不同分工水平农户生产分工影响效应差异,进而发现农户生产分工差别化过程中差别能够维持稳态的较新观点。三是通过主成份分析法,建立多维度指标评价体系,量化经营效益水平,在指标量化上略有创新。
[Abstract]:At present, our country deepens the reform in an all-round way, and the economic development has entered a special period of new normality. The external environment and internal motivation of agricultural development are undergoing profound changes. The general rule of the agricultural division of labor, especially the labor division of farmers, is deeply discussed. It is of certain positive significance to speed up the process of agricultural present generation. As an example, the author makes a scientific explanation of the phenomenon of the difference in the production division of labor of farmers, and focuses on the following scientific questions: what are the characteristics of the difference in the production division of labor of farmers? How are the effect and mechanism of the operation efficiency and other factors on the labor division of the farmers? What are the internal rules of the difference in the production division of labor under the influence of these factors The purpose of this study is to provide reference and reference for promoting the division of labor, improving the efficiency of agricultural management and promoting the development of agricultural modernization. (1) the aim of this study is to reveal the difference between the differences in the production division of labor of farmers. The main research contents include the following parts: (1) the theoretical analysis framework of the influence of the production division of labor of farmers. On the basis of theoretical reference and literature review, the main task is to establish the theoretical framework of the influence of the production division of labor of farmers from the perspective of operating efficiency and guide the development of the follow-up empirical research. The connotation is defined and the method of general equilibrium analysis is used to analyze the path of the effect of operation efficiency on the realization of the labor division of the peasant household and the way of the effect of the production division of labor on the effect of the farmer's production division. The development of the research is laid on the basis of the theoretical basis. (2) the evolution trend and development status of the production division of labor of farmers. The main task is to describe the trend of the development and change of the labor division of the farmers on the basis of the theoretical analysis of the influence of the difference in the labor division of labor, and to investigate the current characteristics of the production division of labor of the farmers. The achievements made by the workers, and then the quantitative analysis of the trend of the evolution of the production division of labor of farmers. On this basis, the current survey of the labor division of labor of farmers is carried out to quantify and measure the labor division of the farmers, and then the characteristics of the level of labor division of labor and the division of labor in the subdivision are analyzed. (3) the characteristics of the differences in the production division of labor of farmers are drawn. The main task is to observe the differences and characteristics of the labor division of the farmers through the micro operation data on the basis of the survey of the current situation of the production division of labor of farmers, and to further compare the differences in the division of labor of the farmers with different operating benefits, and to make a general description of the differences in the production division of labor of the farmers, and to analyze the level of division of labor and the subdivision of the whole production division. The characteristics of the difference in the degree of division of labor. On this basis, according to the management efficiency level of farmers to group, compare the differences in the production division of labor of farmers under different operating benefits, and then analyze the characteristics of the overall production division level and the division of division of labor with the management benefit level. (4) the empirical analysis of the factors affecting the production division of labor of farmers. The main task is to use the data of farmers' questionnaire on the basis of identifying the characteristics of the difference in the production division of labor of farmers through the microscopic cross section data, and to measure and analyze the influencing factors and the degree of effect of the production division of labor of farmers. Based on the survey data of farmers' planting industry, an empirical analysis model of the influence of the labor division of the farmers is established, and the empirical analysis is made. The method and the use of the index data are explained and explained, and then the effect of operating efficiency and other factors on the overall level of division of labor and division of division of division of subdivision links is estimated respectively, and the robustness of the estimated results is tested. (5) analysis of the mechanism of the difference in the difference in the production division of labor of farmers. The main task is to analyze the operation of the empirical analysis. On the basis of the effect of benefit and other factors on the production division of labor of farmers, the mechanism of the effect of these effects on the production division of labor of farmers is deeply analyzed, and then the inherent law of the differentiation of the production division of labor is revealed. The mechanism of the effect of risk, production circuitous and factor resources on the production division of labor of farmers, and the effect feedback and strengthening of these effects under the effect of operating efficiency, discuss the forming process of the differentiation of the production division of labor under the influence of multiple factors, and analyze the regulation mechanism of the division of labor in the process of division of labor. (2) this paper is in accordance with the "identification of scientific problems" The logical thinking of theoretical analysis and inference - Empirical Analysis and validation - the logical thinking of normative analysis and induction is carried out. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the development of division of labor is on the rise in general, and at the present stage farmers will divide the division of labor in many links. The development of the labor division of farmers is on the rise in general, and has experienced a rapid progress to steady development. The growth rate of the division index gradually slowed down. The results of the survey of 545 farming households showed that the average value of the number of labor division links was 5.05, the standard deviation was 2.58. The farmers did not complete the whole production process independently, but would replace most of the processes by other individuals or organizations. The overall division of labor has reached a certain level. However, the survey also found that the division of labor in the current subdivision of farmers is generally not high, and there is a gap in the division of labor in different processes. The mean of division of labor in 3 links, such as plowing, harvesting and storage, is higher than 2.5, which means that farmers will choose a number of process links for division of labor. But the division of labor in each process is not complete, only part of the work is done by the productive service organization or individual, and most of the work is still operated by the farmers themselves. (2) there are obvious differences in the level of division of labor and the subdivision of the subdivision of the subdivision. The 545 species in the investigation are different. Among the planting sample farmers, the proportion of the number of farmers with different division of labor is not quite different. The proportion of the farmers in the 4 links is the highest and only 17.06%. There is no large area concentration on the number option of a certain link, which shows that the different farmers choose a certain number of production links according to their own circumstances. There are obvious differences in the number of labor division in the labor division. The degree of division of labor in the subdivision of peasant household also shows the characteristic of travel disintegration, and the difference in different links is slightly different. The difference in the degree of division of farming, planting, planting and transportation is very significant, and the degree of division of labor in breeding, fertilization, irrigation, plant protection, weeding and harvest is slightly not obvious. In addition, there are certain differences in the level of labor division and division of division of labor in the whole production division of farmers with different operating benefits. The higher the efficiency level of the farmers, the more the number of labor division production links, the higher the degree of division of labor in breeding, planting, irrigation, planting, planting, weeding, storage and transportation, and the lower the grade of the harvest ring division. There is also a certain difference in the level of operating efficiency. (3) the effect of operating efficiency has a cumulative effect on the labor division of farmers, and there is an interactive effect between them. The results of the empirical estimation of the simultaneous equations show that the effect of operating efficiency level on the overall level of labor division of the farmers under the 1% significant level is 2.747. The amount of income obtained in the production and operation of production will affect the number of links in the division of labor. At the same time, this effect has a feedback effect. The influence coefficient of the whole production division of labor on the management benefit level is 0.088, and through the 1% significant level test, it shows that the increase in the number of division links can bring the management benefit level. In a comprehensive view, the operation benefit promotes the increase in the number of labor division links and the degree of division of labor, the level of division of labor improves the income of production and management, and the efficiency of operation is further promoted by the development of division of labor. In addition, the management benefit is also divided into projects such as breeding, irrigation, plant protection and weeding. Degree has a promotion effect, the effect effect is 0.371,0.324,0.395 and 0.480 respectively, and under the significant level of 1%. (4) a variety of factors will have different effects on the production division of labor of farmers. Transaction cost, transaction risk, production circuitous, factor resources, etc. are the main factors affecting the production division of labor of farmers, the influence direction and the degree of action have a great effect. There are certain differences. Transaction costs and transaction risks will have a negative impact on the labor division of farmers. For example, the influence coefficient of supervision difficulty and production specificity on the overall level of labor division of farmers is -0.257 and -0.143 respectively. At the same time, the transaction cost and transaction risk will have different degrees of negative effect on the division of labor in the subdivision of farmers. The effect of production roundabout and factor resources has a positive impact on the production division of labor of farmers. For example, the division of labor has a 0.205 effect on the overall production division level, and it has a significant positive effect on the degree of division of labor of other segments at the 5% significant level, and the effect is between 0.142 and 0.317. And all can pass the significance test; the factor endowment and the resource condition have a positive effect on the management benefit level, such as the influence coefficient of soil fertility on the management benefit level reaches 0.092, and then indirectly promotes the production division of labor by the interaction effect of operation benefit and production division. (5) the multiple effect effect accumulates continuously. Based on the cumulative effect of production division on the production division of farmers, based on the cumulative effect of operating efficiency on the production division of labor of farmers, the production division of labor and operational benefits form an interdependent system of endogenous interaction, the inhibition of transaction costs and transaction risks, and the promotion of production circuitous and factor resources to the production division, and then the feedback effect Under the influence of the production division of labor again, under the influence of transfer, feedback, and strengthening mechanism, the division of labor of farmers is differentiated and formed, after a long period of continuous effect transmission and response, the difference in the labor division of farmers is formed. The difference of division of labor depends on the initial conditions and restraining bars of the farmers. The effect of part effect and P, as well as the effect of production division feedback on business efficiency and operating efficiency, is Q. When the parameter q (27) 1, the difference of farmer's production division will converge to (7) (8) P (1 (10) q) 1-Q, the greater the Q value, the more obvious the difference in the labor division of the peasant households; when the parameter Q 1, the difference of the labor division of labor in the peasant household will be in the difference. The initial promotion conditions and inhibition conditions effect and the effect of P on the basis of the direction of infinite increase, showing a divergent state. (6) the labor division of labor under the role of division of labor to maintain a relative steady state. Quantile regression results show that operating benefits, transaction costs, transaction risks, production circuitous, factor endowment and resource conditions. The effect of factors on the production division of labor of farmers in different levels of labor will change, which makes the labor division of farmers produce an internal regulation mechanism. Under this mechanism of division of labor, the difference of labor division of labor of farmers will maintain a relatively stable state, and the difference in division of labor will not expand indefinitely. On the one hand, the operation benefit is excited. The incentive regulation avoids the polarization of the labor division of farmers, and controls the difference within a certain limit. The Q value decreases with the level of division of labor to the high and the low polarization, and the overall effect of the production division of labor is convergent; on the other hand, the restraining effect of the transaction cost and the transaction wind insurance and the production circuitous and essential resources The inhibition and promotion effect on the different levels of division of labor is basically balanced, and the P values of the parameters remain relatively stable at different levels of labor division, and the differences in the labor division can be maintained within a certain range. (3) the possible innovations in this paper are as follows: (1) from the new entry point of operating efficiency, the study of Agriculture In this paper, we made some breakthroughs in the existing research results, and tried to study the division of labor among farmers through operational benefits.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F325.15
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本文编号：1881135