水田扩张中三江平原北部耕地景观演化规律及驱动因素分析

发布时间：2018-06-07 12:43

本文选题：水田化 + 耕地景观　；参考：《东北农业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,中国城市化与工业化的快速推进,建设用地占用耕地问题的日益突出,人口高峰的日益迫近,人民生活水平的不断提高使得保持一定数量的耕地资源所面临的压力不减。同时,人口持续增长,经济稳步发展对耕地的需求进一步加大,人地矛盾日益尖锐,如何基于有限的耕地资源保证国民粮食所需成为一个难题。而发展水田生产对提高粮食产量,增加国民粮食供给具有战略性意义。东北地区(东北三省)耕地垦殖具有明显的方向性,其由南向北、由西向东不断推进,水田化垦殖范围逐渐扩大,耕地总面积几乎呈指数增长。其中,黑龙江省作为农业大省,其耕地垦殖由松嫩平原向三江平原不断推进,水田化垦殖范围继续扩大,耕地总面积持续增加。基于东北地区水田种植在全国的典型性,其快速“水田化”现象表征着全国耕地垦殖“水田化”历程呈加速态势。三江平原北部位于中国东北地区,黑龙江省境内北部。近年来,非耕地转变为耕地现象普遍,使得该区域耕地面积扩大,成为国家重要粮食种植区域。特别是进入21世纪以来十多年间,中央陆续出台一系列强农惠农政策,黑龙江省采取一系列促进该区域农业发展的具体措施,使得该区耕地垦殖率进一步提升,种植业结构不断调整,水田面积迅猛扩大,粮食综合生产能力及商品化程度显著提升,与此同时,区域耕地资源时空分布格局变化明显。从而,三江平原“自然景观耕地化,耕地景观水田化”的耕地景观转化格局在全国“水田化”进程中具有典型性与代表性。本文以国家级商品粮基地——三江平原北部为研究区,将自然生态系统农田化,农田生态系统水田化的典型土地转化特征与景观格局相融合。在此基础上,构建出水田扩张中耕地景观演化研究,这具有重要的理论和现实意义。与此同时,本研究在回顾耕地垦殖历程的基础上,分析“水田化”进程中不同时期耕地景观格局变化规律及空间分布差异,探明未来景观空间分布格局态势,为三江平原乃至黑龙江省水田开发过程中提高耕地资源配置、开展高标准基本农田建设提供依据。与此同时,本文以“三江平原北部自然景观耕地化、耕地景观水田化的水田化历程”为线索,以“耕地景观格局”为切入点,在充分借鉴国“内”、“外”相关研究成果的基础上,采用“景观生态学理论”、“耕地资源优化配置理论”、“区位理论”、“人地关系理论”,依据三江平原北部耕地利用矢量数据,运用标准法,选取典型景观指数,描述水田化过程中耕地垦殖历程,明晰耕地景观演变格局,阐明区域空间分布并对比农区、垦区格局差异,探究区域耕地景观演变的驱动因素。具体内容如下:(1)“水田化”过程中耕地垦殖历程研究。在2000年到2013年间,本研究设定四个时间点,即:2000年、2005年、2010年、2013年,并完成该时点下覆盖研究区的四期耕地利用矢量数据库,基于ARCGIS平台,利用属性表统计每期耕地面积总量,并计算同一时点下水田面积在耕地总量中所占的面积比例,并通过相关模型描述耕地变化速度,刻画水田开发趋势。研究内容为水田化过程中耕地数量变化特征分析;水田化过程中耕地流向特征分析;耕地相对变化率空间分布特征分析。(2)“水田化”进程中耕地景观格局特征研究。基于水田面积大幅扩张的鲜明特点,运用标准法,选取典型景观指数,从区域以及局部的“耕地组分特征”、“空间配置特征”、“斑块演化规律”三个层次由浅入深逐层分析“水田化”进程中景观格局变化特征,主要分析角度如下:水田化过程中三江平原北部耕地景观组分特征分析;水田化过程中三江平原北部耕地景观格局空间配置特征分析;水田化过程中三江平原北部耕地景观斑块演化特征分析。(3)水田化过程中耕地景观驱动因素分析。水田面积的扩大进一步提高耕地垦殖率,改变耕地中水田、旱地组成结构,使得耕地景观空间分布呈现新的特征。在中国这一独特的耕地景观变化其驱动因素十分重要,为此,本文主要将水田扩张的驱动因素归结为以下几个方面:耕地政策因素,耕地政策的推动作用促进三江平原北部耕地面积持续扩大,尤其是水田面积的迅猛扩张;耕地经营主体因素,“农区”与“垦区”耕地经营方式的不同导致耕地格局的差异化;农业现代化差异因素,农业现代化进程的不同进一步影响“农区”与“垦区”耕地空间形态;地表水资源限制因素,水资源供给的限制使得水田呈现井喷式扩散并逐步向整个区域延伸的态势;市场经济因素,市场经济的导向作用促进水田格局的进一步扩大。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the rapid advancement of urbanization and industrialization in China, the increasing number of cultivated land occupied by the construction land, the increasing population peak and the continuous improvement of the people's living standards have made the pressure of maintaining a certain amount of cultivated land. At the same time, the population continues to grow and the demand for the steady economic development is further added to the cultivated land. The contradiction between human and land is becoming more and more acute. How to ensure the demand of national grain based on limited cultivated land resources is a difficult problem. The development of paddy field production has a strategic significance to increase grain output and increase the supply of national grain. The cultivated land reclamation in Northeast China (northeast three provinces) has obvious direction, which is from the south to the north and from west to East, and is continuously advancing from west to East, The area of farmland reclamation gradually expands and the total area of cultivated land is almost exponential growth. As a major agricultural province in Heilongjiang, the cultivated land reclamation from the Songnen plain to the Sanjiang plain continues to expand, the field reclamation area continues to expand, the total area of cultivated land continues to increase. The phenomenon of "chemical" symbolizes the accelerating trend of the "paddy field" process of cultivated land reclamation in China. The northern Sanjiang plain is located in Northeast China and north of Heilongjiang province. In recent years, non cultivated land has been transformed into arable land, which makes the area of cultivated land expand and become an important food and food planting area in the country. Especially since twenty-first Century, more than 10 In the years, a series of policies were introduced by the central government in succession. Heilongjiang province adopted a series of concrete measures to promote the development of agriculture in the region, which made the cultivated land reclamation rate of the region further improved, the planting structure was constantly adjusted, the area of the paddy field expanded rapidly, the comprehensive grain production capacity and the degree of commercialization increased significantly, and the regional cultivated land was at the same time. The pattern of spatial and temporal distribution of resources has changed obviously. Thus, the landscape transformation pattern of "natural landscape arable land and farmland landscape water field" in Sanjiang plain has typical and representative pattern in the process of "paddy field". This paper takes the national commodity grain base, the north of Sanjiang plain as the research area, and farmland agriculture and agriculture. On the basis of this, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to construct the landscape evolution of cultivated land in the expansion of paddy field. At the same time, on the basis of reviewing the cultivation process of cultivated land, this study analyzes the landscape of cultivated land in different periods of the "paddy field" process. The pattern change pattern and spatial distribution difference and the future landscape spatial distribution pattern will provide the basis for improving the allocation of cultivated land resources and carrying out the construction of high standard basic farmland in the development process of Sanjiang plain and Heilongjiang province. At the same time, this paper takes "the natural landscape of northern Sanjiang plain, cultivated land landscape water field." On the basis of "landscape pattern of cultivated land", on the basis of "landscape ecology", "theory of landscape ecology", "theory of optimal allocation of cultivated land resources", "location theory", "human land relationship theory", based on the vector data of cultivated land in the northern part of Sanjiang plain. The standard method is used to select the typical landscape index, to describe the cultivated land reclamation process in the process of paddy field, to clarify the landscape evolution pattern of cultivated land, to clarify the regional spatial distribution and to compare the differences between the agricultural area and the reclamation area, to explore the driving factors of the landscape evolution of the cultivated land. The specific contents are as follows: (1) the cultivated land reclamation process in the process of "paddy field" is 2000. From 2013 years to 2013, the study set four time points, namely: 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013, and completed the four phase vector database of cultivated land use in the study area under this time point. Based on the ARCGIS platform, the total amount of cultivated land was calculated by using the attribute table, and the proportion of the area in the total amount of farmland under the same point was calculated. And describe the change speed of cultivated land through the related models and describe the trend of paddy field development. The research content is the analysis of the variation characteristics of cultivated land during the field of water field; the characteristic analysis of the flow direction of cultivated land during the field of water field; the analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of the relative change rate of cultivated land. (2) the characteristics of the landscape pattern of cultivated land in the "paddy field" process. With the distinctive features of large expansion, the typical landscape index is selected by the standard method. From the regional and local "characteristics of cultivated land components", "spatial distribution characteristics" and "patch evolution law", the characteristics of landscape pattern change in the process of "paddy field" are analyzed from the three levels from the shallow to the deep. The main analysis angles are as follows: in the process of paddy field Analysis of the characteristics of landscape composition of cultivated land in the northern Sanjiang plain; analysis of the spatial configuration characteristics of cultivated land landscape pattern in the northern part of Sanjiang plain during the process of water field; analysis of the characteristics of landscape patch evolution in the northern part of Sanjiang plain during the process of water field. (3) the analysis of the driving factors of cultivated land in the process of water field. The colonization rate, changing the farmland in the paddy field and the structure of the dryland, makes the landscape spatial distribution of the cultivated land new characteristics. In China, this unique cultivated land landscape changes its driving factors very important. Therefore, this paper mainly attributed the driving factors of the expansion of the paddy field to the following aspects: the policy factors of cultivated land and the promotion of the cultivated land policy to promote three The area of arable land in the northern part of the Yangtze River is expanding, especially the rapid expansion of the area of the paddy field. The difference between the main factors of the cultivated land management, the difference of the farmland management mode between the "agricultural area" and the "reclamation area" leads to the difference of the cultivated land pattern; the difference of agricultural modernization and the different agricultural modernization process further influence the farmland space of "agricultural area" and "reclamation area" The restriction factors of surface water resources and the restriction of water supply make the paddy field show the spread of blowout and gradually extend to the whole region; the market economy factor and the guiding role of the market economy promote the further expansion of the pattern of the paddy field.
【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F323.211

【参考文献】