农地经营权抵押融资试点效果研究

发布时间：2018-06-19 05:04

  本文选题：农地经营权 + 抵押融资　； 参考：《西北农林科技大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：随着中国经济步入新常态,农业现代化和规模化快速发展,农业产业结构不断调整,农村经济呈现多元化特征。农户作为最主要的农业投资主体,其金融需求正从过去的小额消费融资需求转向规模化现代农业经营主体的生产性融资需求,资金需求愈加旺盛。随着经济改革的逐渐深入,中国农地产权制度也被纳入“市场”范围进行重新设计,农村土地承包经营权的财产属性逐渐被重视,农地经营权抵押融资试点在全国范围内逐步开展。根据各地试点经验来看,西北地区已初步形成了“市场主导、自下而上推动型”(以宁夏同心为代表)和“政府主导、自上而下引导型”(以陕西高陵、杨凌、宁夏平罗为代表)两种农地经营权抵押融资模式,各地区试点均运行良好。但由于各地模式操作的多样化使得农地经营权抵押融资尚未形成“可复制、易推广、广覆盖”的典型模式,各地区如何提升农地经营权抵押融资效果并合理设计农地经营权抵押融资模式有待进一步研究。本文在梳理国内外有关农地抵押融资研究的基础上,以制度变迁理论作为指导,以宁夏同心县、平罗县为例,归纳总结市场主导型和政府主导型两种农地经营权抵押融资模式运行现状、特征。通过实地调研数据从需求方农户角度实证分析两种模式下农户贷款响应、满意度评价和福利效果变化,从供给方金融机构角度比较两种模式下农地经营权抵押融资业务经营效率和客户经理业务评价,并将二者结合,综合比较农地经营权抵押融资业务的综合试点效果,分析效果差异的成因以及两种模式的优劣势和面临的问题。在以上基础上,提出提升农地经营权抵押融资试点效果的相关政策建议与对策,以期进一步完善农地经营权抵押融资顶层设计。按照上述逻辑关系,论文研究结论如下:(1)两种农地经营权抵押融资模式,在当地都具有极高的普及度。从需求侧效果差异来看,同心县市场主导模式下农户对农地经营权抵押贷款的响应频次较平罗县政府主导模式农户高,同心县农户对农地经营权抵押融资的响应频次是平罗县农户的1.2658倍,即在以市场为主导、自下而上推动的农地经营权抵押贷款模式下,农户对贷款的响应较为积极,且农户具有多次贷款响应的较多。不同模式下农户农地经营权抵押贷款响应的影响因素存在差异,户主性别、户主年龄、村干部以及农户贷款经历是两地的共同因素,同心模式下户主具有较高的文化程度和非农业经营类型的农户贷款响应较高,平罗模式下农户家庭劳动力占比和家庭是否有人在银行任职对农户农地经营权抵押融资响应影响较大。农户对农地经营权抵押融资评价较高,评价为“满意”及以上的农户占总数的82.8%;其中,平罗模式下农户评价为满意以上占比89.7%,而同心模式下占比63.2%。平罗模式较同心模式农户满意度评价更高。贷款流程越便捷、贷款估价越高、对产权抵押贷款政策越了解、参与业务意愿越强以及对贷款资金预期满足程度越高,农户的满意度也会增强。两种不同模式下,影响农户满意度的共同因素有贷款流程及产权抵押政策了解程度。在同心模式下,土地规模越大、资产估价越高、金融机构服务态度越好,对抵押贷款政策越了解、贷款的资金满足度越高,农户满意度越高;对于平罗模式下的农户,贷款经历对其满意度评价影响较大,且农户对抵押融资政策的了解程度越高、抵押贷款业务的参与意愿越强、贷款资金预期满足程度越高,农户满意度越高,而农地经营权抵押融资业务的比较优势并不能提高平罗农户的贷款满意度。同心模式下,农地经营权抵押贷款仅对于农户家庭的农业收入和生产性支出具有显著的促进作用,而平罗模式下,农地经营权抵押贷款对农户家庭的农业收入、非农收入、生产性支出和消费支出的均具有显著的促进作用。(2)从供给侧效果差异来看,金融机构农地经营权抵押融资业务发展良好,贷款笔数和贷款规模均呈现出较大增长,两地营业网点财务绩效总体较好。同心模式下,农村信用联社农地经营权抵押融资业务占总贷款业务比重较高,平罗模式下该业务占总贷款业务比重较低,但同心农地经营权抵押贷款单笔收入较平罗低。运用dea模型对两地农地经营权抵押融资业务主办金融机构业务效率进行测算,平罗农村商业银行近三年开展农地经营权抵押融资业务的综合效率值分别为0.965、0.682和0.976,经营效率呈现波动上升。而同心县农信社经营效率逐步降低,分别为0.943、0.817和0.742。不同模式下金融机构办理该项业务的纯技术效率和规模效率也存在差异。就客户经理业务评价来看,同心模式较平罗模式客户经理满意度评价更高。同心模式下客户经理的业务评价主要受到办理手续、业务前景和法律法规健全程度的正向影响,而平罗模式下客户经理的业务评价受到抵押物特征、机构自身特征、地方金融环境的综合影响。信用记录是影响贷款申请人获批贷款最重要的影响因素,非农收入则是最不重要的因素。在同心县,信用记录、农地产出价值、贷款经历是影响贷款申请人获批贷款的最重要三种影响因素,而平罗客户经理则更认可信用记录、土地经营面积、农地经营权价值这三大因素。(3)运用量表评价方法,对同心、平罗两地农地经营权抵押融资业务模式综合效果进行评分,同心模式综合效果得分4.016,平罗模式综合效果得分3.952。整体来看,同心模式综合效果稍优于平罗模式。其中,同心模式需求侧效果优于平罗模式,而供给侧效果稍差。同心模式的优势在于采用了“多户联保+抵押”的形式,通过合作社成员互为担保,违约风险在通过内部机制消化,能够提高农户贷款可得性,提高金融机构办理业务的积极性。同时,土地经营权流转合作社内成员间相互了解,也能较好地解决内部问题,农户的参与积极性能够得到提升。其弊端在于,贷款额度较小、期限较短,使得贷款对于农户收入和支出的带动作用有限,覆盖面较窄,且缺乏规范的制度和有序引导,经营效率降低。农地经营权评估价值参差不齐,容易造成农户与金融机构对抵押物估价认可不同,降低农户对业务的满意度。平罗模式的优势在于政府建立了规范的农地经营权抵押融资制度体系和配套服务机构,能够在短时间将业务推广并得到有效实施,金融机构办理业务操作风险较小,经营效率较高。贷款额度比例按照相关规定严格执行,并对大规模农户贷款额度适当加大,能够促进农户进行农业再生产和非农业经营,提高农户福利。贷款利率相对较低,能大幅提高农户对业务的满意度评价。平罗模式的劣势在于,这一模式必须以地方财政强有力的资金作为支持,金融机构在农户违约收回其农地经营权后,难以进行处置变现,金融机构办理该项业务的积极性降低,客户经理对业务的评价有限。(4)基于以上结论,为进一步优化农地经营权抵押融资模式,本文结合不同农地经营权抵押融资模式的优劣势提出提升农地经营权抵押融资效果的政策建议与对策。具体有:修改完善农地经营权抵押贷款相关法律法规,实施有差异化的监管政策,明确农地经营权抵押融资业务定位、有选择地设立基层合作组织;扩大农地经营权抵押融资知晓度、扶持农户适度规模经营、深化客户管理模式;合理优化金融机构资源配置,引导农村金融市场良性竞争,建立农村产权流转平台、健全农村产权流转体系;健全农村征信制度、加大贷款风险防范力度、建立多层次的风险分担机制。
[Abstract]:With the Chinese economy entering a new normal situation, agricultural modernization and large-scale rapid development, the agricultural industrial structure has been constantly adjusted, and the rural economy has diversified characteristics. As the most important agricultural investment subject, the financial demand of farmers is shifting from the small consumption financing needs of the past to the production financing demand of the modern agricultural management subject. With the gradual deepening of the economic reform, the property rights system of China's agricultural land has been redesigned in the "market" scope, and the property property of the rural land contract management right has been gradually paid attention to. The pilot project of land management right is carried out all over the country. It has preliminarily formed two types of mortgage financing models of "market dominated, bottom-up push" (represented by Ningxia concentric) and "government led, top-down guidance" (represented by Shaanxi Gaoling, Yangling and Ningxia Pingluo), which have run well in all regions. The right mortgage financing has not yet formed a typical model of "replicable, easy to spread, wide coverage". It is necessary to further study how to improve the effect of the mortgage financing of agricultural land management and rationally design the mortgage financing mode of farmland management in each region. Guidance, taking Tongxin County, Ningxia, Pingluo County as an example, summarized and summarized the operation status of two kinds of land management rights mortgage financing mode of market dominated and government dominated farming land. Through the field survey data, the farmers' loan response, the full meaning evaluation and the welfare effect change under the two models were analyzed from the demand side farmers' angle, from the supply side financial machine. This paper compares the operational efficiency of the land management right mortgage financing business operation efficiency and the customer manager's business evaluation under the two modes, and combines the two parties to comprehensively compare the comprehensive experimental results of the mortgage financing business of agricultural land management, analyzes the causes of the difference in effect and the advantages and disadvantages of the two models and the problems facing them. On the basis of the above, the promotion of agriculture is proposed. In order to further improve the top level design of the land management right mortgage financing, the conclusions are as follows: (1) the two kinds of land management rights mortgage financing mode is highly popular in the local area. From the point of view of the difference in demand side effect, Tongxin County Under the market dominated mode, the frequency of farmers' response to land management rights mortgage is more frequent than that of the government dominated farmers in Pingluo County. The frequency of farmers' response to the mortgage financing of farmland management right in Tongxin county is 1.2658 times that of farmers in Pingluo County. The response of the farmers is more positive, and the farmers have more response to the loan. There are different influence factors on the response of farmers' farmland management right under different modes. The gender of the household, the age of the household, the village cadres and the loan experience of the farmers are the common factors. The farmers' response to the type of farmers' loan is higher, and the proportion of household labor force in Pingluo mode and whether the family have people in the bank have great influence on the mortgage financing of farmers' land management rights. The farmers' evaluation of the mortgage financing of the farmland management right is higher, and the evaluation is 82.8% of the total number of farmers' satisfaction and above. The peasant household evaluation is satisfied with the ratio of 89.7% of the above, while the more than the concentric model in the concentric model, the more convenient the loan process is, the higher the loan valuation is, the more understanding of the mortgage loan policy, the stronger the willingness to participate in the business and the higher the expectation of the loan fund, the greater the satisfaction of the farmers. Under the two different modes, the common factors affecting the satisfaction of farmers are the loan process and the understanding of the property right mortgage policy. Under the concentric mode, the larger the land scale, the higher the asset valuation, the better the service attitude of the financial institutions, the better the mortgage loan policy, the higher the satisfaction degree of the loan, the higher the satisfaction of the peasant households; Under the type of farmers, the loan experience has a great influence on the satisfaction evaluation, and the higher the understanding of the mortgage financing policy, the more willing to participate in the mortgage loan business, the higher the satisfaction degree of the loan fund, the higher the satisfaction of the farmers, and the comparative advantage of the mortgage financing business of the land management can not improve the loan of farmers. Under the concentric mode, the mortgage loan of farmland management right has a significant role in promoting the agricultural income and productive expenditure of the household, while in Pingluo model, the mortgage of farmland management right has a significant promotion effect on agricultural income, non agricultural income, productive expenditure and consumption expenditure. (2) In terms of the difference in the supply side effect, the mortgage financing business of the farm land management right is well developed, the loan pen number and the loan scale are all increasing, and the financial performance of the two outlets is generally better. Under the concentric mode, the rural credit cooperatives' land management rights mortgage financing business accounts for a higher proportion of the total loan business. The proportion of business to total loan business is low, but the single income of the mortgage loan is lower than that of the concentric farmland management right. Using the DEA model to calculate the business efficiency of the host financial institutions, the comprehensive efficiency of the rural commercial banks' mortgage financing business in the last three years is 0., respectively. 965,0.682 and 0.976, the operating efficiency has fluctuated. And the operating efficiency of Nong county is gradually reduced. There are also differences in the pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of the financial institutions under the different modes of 0.943,0.817 and 0.742.. In the concentric mode, the customer manager's business evaluation is mainly affected by the handling procedures, the business prospects and the sound degree of laws and regulations, and the business evaluation of the customer manager under Pingluo mode is affected by the characteristics of the mortgage, the characteristics of the institution, the comprehensive influence of the local financial environment. In Tongxin County, credit record, land output value and loan experience are the three most important factors affecting loan applicant's approved loan, while the three factors of credit record, land management area and land management value are more recognized in Tongxin county. (3) using the scale evaluation method, the comprehensive effect of the mortgage financing business model of the concentric and Pingluo farming land management right is scored, the comprehensive effect score of the concentric model is 4.016, the overall effect score of the Pingluo model is 3.952., the overall effect of the concentric model is slightly better than that of the Pingluo model. The advantage of the supply side is a little worse. The advantage of the concentric model lies in adopting the form of "multi household joint insurance + mortgage", through the mutual guarantee of the cooperative members, the risk of breach of contract is digested through the internal mechanism, which can improve the availability of farmers' loan and improve the enthusiasm of the financial institutions to deal with the business. Mutual understanding can also solve internal problems, and the enthusiasm of farmers can be promoted. The disadvantage is that the loan amount is small and the time limit is short, which makes the loan to the farmers' income and expenditure is limited, the coverage is narrow, and lack of standard system and orderly guidance, the management efficiency is reduced. The value of farmland management is evaluated value. The advantage of Pingluo model is that the government has established a standardized system of mortgage financing system and supporting service institutions for agricultural land management, which can be popularized and effectively implemented in a short time, and the financial institutions handle the industry. The operation risk is small and the operation efficiency is high. The proportion of loan amount is strictly carried out according to the relevant regulations, and the loan amount of large-scale farmers is increased properly, which can promote agricultural reproduction and non agricultural operation and improve the welfare of farmers. The loan interest rate is relatively low, and the satisfaction evaluation of farmers to business can be greatly improved. Pingluo model can be greatly improved. The disadvantage is that this model must be supported by strong local financial funds. Financial institutions are difficult to dispose of the farm land after the farmers have defaulted to recover their land management rights. The enthusiasm of the financial institutions to deal with the business is reduced and the customer manager has limited evaluation on the business. (4) based on the above conclusions, the agricultural land management is further optimized. According to the advantages and disadvantages of the mortgage financing mode of different farmland management rights, this paper puts forward the policy suggestions and Countermeasures to improve the effect of the mortgage and financing of the farmland management right. There is a choice to set up a grass-roots cooperative organization, expand the awareness of the mortgage financing of agricultural land management, support the appropriate scale management of farmers, deepen the mode of customer management, rationally optimize the allocation of resources of financial institutions, guide the benign competition in the rural financial market, establish a flat platform for the transfer of rural property rights, improve the system of rural property right circulation, and improve the rural credit system. We should strengthen loan risk prevention and establish a multi-level risk sharing mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F321.1;F832.4;F302.6
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本文编号：2038575