苹果种植户灌溉用水效率评价研究

发布时间：2018-07-03 01:43

本文选题：苹果种植户 + 技术效率　；参考：《西北农林科技大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着全球经济和人口的飞速增长,水资源短缺的现状越来越严重。陕西省是我国水资源短缺最严重的省份之一,而陕西苹果广泛分布于干旱半干旱的黄土高原区域,水资源更加匮乏。苹果产业是陕西省农业经济发展的重要支柱产业之一,近年来种植面积和产量保持较快增长,在均居于全国首位。苹果产业的发展为促进农业结构转型、产业升级,增加农民收入做出了重要贡献。但是水资源短缺的现状,加之果园灌溉方法落后且灌溉管理比较粗放造成的果园灌溉用水效率低下,严重制约着陕西省苹果产业的高产高效发展。水资源的稀缺性和生态环境的压力决定了苹果产业的发展只有在科学地利用现有技术的条件下实现水资源的优化配置,提高灌溉用水资源的效率才是实现苹果产业可持续发展的关键。为此,本研究提出了三个问题:当前苹果产业中灌溉用水效率现状如何?什么因素影响灌溉用水效率?通过以上的分析,当前可以采取哪些措施提高灌溉用水效率?本文以从事专业化苹果生产的种植户作为研究基本单元,以农户灌溉用水作为研究对象,在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,本文对相关概念进行了界定,从技术效率的视角,基于技术效率分析的理论框架,构建灌溉用水效率的实证分析模型(SFA-Tobit两步法),利用陕西省苹果基地县白水县微观调查数据,利用理论分析和实证分析相结合的方法,探究苹果种植户灌溉用水效率现状及影响因素,并提出提高灌溉用水效率的建议。结果表明:苹果种植户的生产技术效率和灌溉用水效率分别为0.73和0.48,灌溉用水效率明显低于生产技术效率,灌溉用水的节水潜力巨大。鉴于此,本研究运用Tobit模型对灌溉用水效率的影响因素作进一步的回归分析。结果表明;(一)苹果种植户户主的受教育程度、用水的价格、灌溉次数、灌溉技术信息的获取情况、对资源短缺的感知程度对灌溉用水效率呈正相关的影响。(二)土地细碎化程度和用水成本对灌溉用水效率呈负相关的影响。(三)农户的年龄、劳动力的个数、节水技术的采用、农业收入占比、灌溉面积、村庄的用水管理政策、输水方式对灌溉用水效率并不显著。最后根据结果提出政策建议,笔者认为倡导促进土地流转、推动苹果产业化、推广节水灌溉技术、增加对农户培训、提高农民对水资源短缺的认程度等都有利于灌溉用水效率的提高。
[Abstract]:With the rapid growth of global economy and population, water shortage is becoming more and more serious. Shaanxi Province is one of the most serious water shortage provinces in China, and Shaanxi apple widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau region, water resources are even more scarce. The apple industry is one of the important pillar industries in the agricultural economic development of Shaanxi Province. In recent years, the planting area and yield have maintained a relatively rapid growth, ranking first in the country. The development of apple industry has made an important contribution to promoting the transformation of agricultural structure, upgrading industry and increasing farmers' income. However, the shortage of water resources and the low efficiency of irrigation water caused by backward irrigation methods and extensive irrigation management seriously restrict the development of high yield and high efficiency of apple industry in Shaanxi Province. The scarcity of water resources and the pressure of ecological environment determine that the development of apple industry can only realize the optimal allocation of water resources under the condition of scientifically utilizing the existing technology. Improving the efficiency of irrigation water resources is the key to the sustainable development of apple industry. For this reason, this study raised three questions: what is the current situation of irrigation water use efficiency in apple industry? What factors affect irrigation efficiency? Through the above analysis, what measures can be taken to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use? In this paper, the farmers engaged in specialized apple production as the basic unit of research, the irrigation water for farmers as the research object, on the basis of previous research results, this paper defines the relevant concepts, from the perspective of technical efficiency. Based on the theoretical framework of technical efficiency analysis, an empirical analysis model of irrigation water use efficiency (SFA-Tobit two-step method) is constructed. The microcosmic survey data of Baishui County, Apple Base County, Shaanxi Province, and the method of combining theoretical analysis with empirical analysis are used. The present situation and influencing factors of irrigation water use efficiency of apple growers were investigated, and suggestions for improving irrigation water use efficiency were put forward. The results showed that the production technical efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency of apple growers were 0.73 and 0.48, respectively. The efficiency of irrigation water use was obviously lower than that of production technology, and the water saving potential of irrigation water was great. In view of this, Tobit model was used to make further regression analysis on the influencing factors of irrigation water use efficiency. The results showed that: (1) the education level, water price, irrigation times, access to irrigation technical information and perception of resource shortage had positive correlation with irrigation water use efficiency. (2) the degree of land fragmentation and water cost have negative effects on irrigation water use efficiency. (3) the age of farmers, the number of labor force, the adoption of water-saving technology, the proportion of agricultural income, the irrigation area, the water use management policy of villages, and the way of water transportation are not significant to the efficiency of irrigation water use. Finally, according to the results, the author proposes to promote land circulation, promote apple industrialization, promote water-saving irrigation technology, and increase training for farmers. Increasing farmers' recognition of water shortage is beneficial to the improvement of irrigation water use efficiency.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F326.13;F323.213

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