间套作苜蓿对冬小麦土壤养分、水分和土地经济效益的影响

发布时间：2018-08-01 12:42

【摘要】：小麦苜蓿间套作是一种理想的现代生态农业生产模式。此种植模式中苜蓿的固氮作用改善作物根际间的营养环境,提高作物产量与土地的利用效率,改善品质,增加当地农民地产收入。促进多种作物的全面发展。而且还可以在麦收后充分利用和改善田间生态环境资源,通过与畜牧副业的结合提高种植者的经济效益,并使农业与牧业有机结合协调发展,促进生态平衡。实现产量效益、经济效益和生态效益共同发展。因此,小麦/苜蓿间套体系对于我国小麦生产和农业可持续发展的目标实现具有重要意义和相当可观的前景。本研究在山西省临汾市尧都区县底镇东杜村设立田间试验,设小麦单播(XD)、小麦苜蓿间套作(XMT)与苜蓿单播(MD)三个处理模式,并与邻地对照(CK)进行研究,通过室外与室内两种实验方法对其土壤水分、土壤养分、作物产量与其经济效益进行测定分析,利用SPSS对各模式的土壤指标进行简单描述性统计分析及显著性分析,进而总结出小麦苜蓿间套作对其各个指标的影响。本文主要研究结果如下:(1)小麦、苜蓿单播与小麦/苜蓿间套种植三种处理方式下土壤水分的1m深度分层含量及剖面分布特征。土壤含水量在耕作前期与后期三个处理模式与对照总体都较少,中期较多。三个模式来看,在耕作前期、中期和后期土壤含水量都从表层向深层不断波动递增。就土壤含水量各层次来看,表层三个处理模式都含量远低于深层土壤含水量,并且深层次MD处理模式含水量值较低于两者。从土壤水分消耗量来看呈现CKXDXMTMD。并且这也可以说明苜蓿在一定程度有利于保持土壤水分。则小麦苜蓿间套作中苜蓿在一定程度有利于对土壤水分的保存,进一步补充小麦生长需水分。在试验区为地形平坦的平原地区以小麦粮食作物为主,但考虑土壤水分,进行小麦苜蓿间套作是可行的。(2)小麦、苜蓿单播与小麦/苜蓿间套种植三种处理方式下土壤有机质、pH和氮、磷、钾养分的2m深度的分层含量及剖面分布特征。对照CK有机质含量各层次均大于三个处理,各处理土壤有机质剖面分布均呈S型,表层0~20cm土壤有机质含量XD(20g/kg)略高于其他两个处理,0~60 cm土壤有机质含量XDXMTMD,而深层XMT有机质含量却超过了XD(60~100cm)和MD(150~200cm),而这可能是小麦与苜蓿间套后进一步促进了深根作物苜蓿深层根系向下分布的有力说明。土壤pH值随深度而增加,通体呈碱性,处理与对照间无显著差异。三个处理模式的土壤全氮含量在表层0~20cm无显著差异,而MD和XMT两个处理模式的全氮含量在20~60cm土层深度显著高于XD处理;底层XD速效氮含量占比达全剖面1/4。小麦套种苜蓿不仅有利于提高20~150cm深度土壤氮素肥力,同时还可在底层使常规麦田深层土壤氮素流失问题得以减免。经过一个麦季的消耗,XMT和XD处理表层土壤速效磷含量接近10mg/kg,MD只有6.4210mg/kg,无论是对小麦来说还是对苜蓿来说都表现为缺磷状态,说明在这三种处理模式生产实践中磷肥的使用都具有必要性和增产的巨大可能性。小麦/苜蓿间套体系中会使全剖面土壤钾素的消耗比例得以优化,故可以少施甚至不施钾肥。(3)小麦苜蓿间套作的作物地上生长:XMT的株高略高于MD,但就产量却远低于MD。MD耗水量也低于XMT。就XD、XMT与对照CK比较来看,对照CK在每公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重与产量四个指标都高于XD与XMT,XD处理模式在这四个指标都略高于XMT。但由于XMT分小麦与苜蓿两部分,则产量也有两部分组成,则此处理作物地上生长较为有优势,适宜当地地区种植该模式。(4)小麦苜蓿间套作的经济效益分析得:就投入资本分析比较得XMTMDXD。就产量分析比较得MDXMTXD。因小麦与苜蓿市场价不同,使得产值分析可得MDXMTXD。就净值比较得MDXMTXD.试验田所在地为平原地区,土地肥沃,人口众多,土地耕作方式为粮食作物为主,不适宜大面积种植苜蓿。因此选择小麦苜蓿间套作则适应当地发展,即提供了粮食,也为牧业发展提供牧草,实现当地多种经营,使农业与畜牧业共同发展。
[Abstract]:The intercropping of alfalfa is an ideal modern ecological agricultural production model. In this planting model, the nitrogen fixation of alfalfa can improve the nutrient environment of crop rhizosphere, improve crop yield and land utilization efficiency, improve the quality, increase the local farmers' real estate income, promote the comprehensive development of various kinds of crops, and can also be filled after the wheat harvest. Using and improving the ecological environment resources in the field, the economic benefit of the growers is improved by combining with the animal husbandry sideline, and the organic combination of agriculture and animal husbandry is coordinated and coordinated, and the ecological balance is promoted. The yield benefit, the economic benefit and the ecological benefit are developed together. Therefore, the wheat / alfalfa interplant system can be held for the wheat production and agriculture in China. The goal of sustainable development is of great significance and considerable prospect. In this study, a field experiment was set up in the village of Zhendong County, Yaodu District, Linfen, Shanxi province. Three treatments of wheat mono (XD), wheat alfalfa intercropping (XMT) and alfalfa mono (MD) were set up, and compared with the adjacent area (CK), through outdoor and indoor experiments. The soil moisture, soil nutrients, crop yield and its economic benefits were measured and analyzed. The soil indexes of each model were analyzed and analyzed by SPSS. The effects of Intercropping between alfalfa intercropping on each index were summarized. The main results of this paper are as follows: (1) wheat, alfalfa mono and wheat 1m depth stratification and profile distribution characteristics of soil moisture under three treatments of alfalfa. Soil water content was less in the early and late period of tillage and compared with three treatments, and in the middle period, the soil water content in the middle and late stages of soil moisture increased gradually from the surface to the deep layer in the early period of tillage. As far as soil water content is concerned, the three treatment patterns in the surface layer are far below the water content in the deep soil, and the water content of the deep level MD treatment model is lower than that of the two. It shows CKXDXMTMD. from the soil water consumption and this can also indicate that alfalfa is in favor of maintaining soil moisture to a certain extent. Alfalfa is beneficial to the preservation of soil moisture to a certain extent, and further supplement the water for wheat growth. In the plain area of the plain area, wheat grain crops are the main crops, but the intercropping of alfalfa is feasible. (2) wheat, alfalfa single seeding and wheat / alfalfa interplant planting in three ways. The content and profile distribution of soil organic matter, pH and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient 2m depth are more than three treatments at all levels of the control CK organic matter content, and the distribution of soil organic matter in each treatment is S, and the content of organic matter in the surface 0~20cm soil XD (20g/kg) is slightly higher than that of the other two treatments, and the organic matter content of 0~60 cm soil is XDXMTMD, while the organic matter content of soil organic matter is slightly higher than that of other treatments. The content of organic matter in deep XMT was higher than that of XD (60~100cm) and MD (150~200cm). This may be a powerful explanation for further distribution of deep root roots in deep roots of alfalfa. The soil pH value increased with depth, the whole body was alkaline, and there was no significant difference between treatment and control. Total nitrogen content in three treatments. There was no significant difference in the surface 0~20cm, while the total nitrogen content in the two treatments of MD and XMT was significantly higher than the XD treatment in the depth of the 20~60cm soil layer. The bottom XD available nitrogen content accounted for the full section of 1/4. wheat interplanting alfalfa, not only to improve the soil nitrogen fertility in 20~150cm depth, but also to make nitrogen loss in the deep soil of the conventional wheat field at the bottom. After a wheat season, XMT and XD treated the surface soil available phosphorus content near 10mg/kg, MD only 6.4210mg/kg, both for wheat and to alfalfa, showing the lack of phosphorus, indicating that in the production practice of these three treatments, the use of phosphate fertilizer is both necessary and more likely to increase production. In the wheat / alfalfa interplant system, the proportion of the total soil potassium consumption was optimized, so it could be reduced or not applied. (3) the crop ground growth of intercropped intercropped wheat was higher than that of MD, but the yield was far lower than that of MD.MD, and XD was lower than that of XMT.. Compared with the control CK, XMT was compared to the number of spikes per hectare per hectare compared with CK. The four indexes of grain number, 1000 grain weight and yield are higher than XD and XMT, XD treatment mode is slightly higher than XMT. in these four indexes, but because of XMT wheat and alfalfa two parts, the yield is also two parts, then the growth of the crops on the ground is more advantageous and suitable for local planting pattern. (4) economic benefit analysis of intercropping Intercropping between alfalfa. The analysis of input capital is compared with XMTMDXD. on the yield analysis compared with the market price of wheat and alfalfa MDXMTXD., which makes the analysis of the output value of the output value of the net value of the net value of the MDXMTXD. is in the plain area, the land is fertile, the population is large, the land farming is the main grain crop, and it is not suitable for the large area planting alfalfa. Therefore, the selection of intercropping Intercropping between alfalfa is suitable for local development, that is, providing grain, providing pasture for the development of animal husbandry, realizing a variety of local management, and making the agriculture and animal husbandry develop together.
【学位授予单位】：山西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S512.11;S54;F326.1

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