清代河南棉花的种植与运销研究

发布时间：2018-11-19 20:06

【摘要】：棉花原产印度,大约宋元之间,通过两条线路传入中国。明清两代统治者认识到棉花为用甚广,因而在全国范围内大力提倡植棉,棉花的种植区域、种植面积在不断的扩大。明代的河南,基于方志记载,已有30多个县域植棉。清代河南在此基础上扩展到近90个县份,约占当时县级行政区划总数的85%,前后比对,可以看出清代棉花在哪些地方进行了扩展。古人在长期的历史实践中,形成了一整套关于棉花种植的经验和认识,从择地整地,选种播种,到中耕除草、棉花打心等等,凝结了古人因地施宜、因时适宜的智慧。在清末,由于本土的棉花纤维短,不适于机器纺织,当时有识之士陆续从外界传入美棉等新棉种,并开始了本土化的栽培和驯化过程。棉花不仅为用甚广,而且是主要的经济作物,除了自用之外,余部大多通过各种途径进入市场流通,辗转贩运,调剂余缺。在铁路未开通以前,河南省的棉花只在有限的范围内流通,东到颍亳,西北入山西的潞泽两州,西达陕甘边墙一带,主要的运销方向是西向,作为生活资料的调剂余缺。在近代铁路开通以后,由于新兴的近代棉纺织工业主要分布在沿海,因而大宗的棉化主要向东运输,作为工业原料向棉花的需求地即各大纱厂所在地运销。通过明清两代河南棉花的产地对比可以发现,清代在明代的基础上,河南棉花有了较大规模的扩展。而考察清代河南植棉发展的原因,可以看到清朝中央和地方政府的奖励和提倡,河南本身宜于种棉的自然地理环境,铁路在传达外界需求中的巨大作用和农民追求较高经济利益的驱动以及民族纺织业团体的推动,正是多种力量的汇聚,使得清代河南棉花植棉业进入了一个快速发展的通道。在清代河南植棉业自身快速发展的同时,它也产生了广泛的社会经济影响。棉花的种植,不仅提高了棉农的收入水平,巩固了国家的税收基础,而且由于其具有较高的经济收益,对部分口粮田形成了替代,导致农业生产商品化率的提高和棉花种植区域化的逐渐形成。这些改变不仅加强了河南与外部的经济联系,促使民众的经济开放意识提高,而且河南也日益深入的参与到国内国际两个市场中来,日益发展成内棉纺织企业需求的原棉产地。同时由于本地植棉业的发展,间接催生了本地纱厂的建立、本土棉纺织业的发展。这在河南后来的历史发展中,可以得到明证。通过对清代河南棉花种植与运销的研究,我们发现,传统农业向近代农业的转变,是一个长期的历史过程,是传统中国向近代转变的一个缩影,传统植棉业自身发展到其高峰的同时,开启了向近代转变的进程。同时我们不妨作一大胆的猜想,纺织业尤其是棉纺织业,由于其和植棉业的紧密联系,本身可以吸纳众多的劳动力,适于中国的国情,同时属于轻工业所需资本低,很有可能带领中国从传统的农业经济中突围出来,发展到一种新的经济形态。
[Abstract]:Cotton originated in India, about between the Song and Yuan dynasties, through two lines into China. The rulers of Ming and Qing dynasties realized that cotton was widely used, so they strongly advocated cotton planting in the whole country. In the Ming Dynasty, Henan, based on local records, has grown cotton in more than 30 counties. On this basis, Henan expanded to nearly 90 counties, accounting for about 85 percent of the total county administrative divisions at that time. Compared with each other, we can see where cotton expanded in Qing Dynasty. In the long historical practice, the ancients formed a whole set of experience and understanding about cotton planting, from land selection, planting and sowing, to middle ploughing and weeding, cotton beating heart, and so on, which condensed the wisdom of the ancients who were suitable for the land and suitable for the time. At the end of Qing Dynasty, due to the short fiber of native cotton, it was not suitable for machine textile. At that time, people of insight introduced American cotton and other new cotton seeds from outside, and began the process of native cultivation and domestication. Cotton is not only widely used, but also a major cash crop. In addition to its own use, most of the remaining parts enter the market through various ways to circulate, trade and adjust. Before the opening of the railway, the cotton of Henan Province was only circulating in a limited range, from east to Yingbo, northwest into the two states of Luze in Shanxi, west of Shanxi-Gansu side wall, the main direction of transportation and sale was westward, which was the surplus and deficiency of the adjustment of the means of living. After the opening of the modern railway, because the new modern cotton textile industry was mainly distributed along the coast, the bulk cotton was mainly transported eastward, which was the place of demand for cotton as a raw material for industry, that is, the place where the major cotton mills were located. By comparing the producing areas of Henan cotton in Ming and Qing dynasties, it can be found that the cotton of Henan Province expanded on a large scale in Qing Dynasty on the basis of Ming Dynasty. By examining the reasons for the development of cotton planting in Henan in the Qing Dynasty, we can see that the central and local governments of the Qing Dynasty rewarded and advocated that Henan itself is suitable for the natural geographical environment of cotton planting. The huge role of railway in conveying external demand, the drive of farmers to pursue higher economic interests, and the promotion of national textile industry groups, is the convergence of various forces, so that Henan cotton and cotton planting industry in Qing Dynasty entered a rapid development channel. With the rapid development of Henan cotton planting industry in Qing Dynasty, it also had a wide social and economic impact. The cultivation of cotton not only raised the income level of cotton farmers and consolidated the tax base of the country, but also replaced some ration fields because of their high economic benefits. It leads to the increase of commercialization rate of agricultural production and the gradual formation of regionalization of cotton planting. These changes not only strengthen the economic relations between Henan and the outside, but also promote the economic opening consciousness of the people, and Henan is more and more involved in the domestic and international two markets, and increasingly developed into the raw cotton production area for the demand of domestic cotton textile enterprises. At the same time, because of the development of local cotton planting industry, the establishment of local yarn mill and the development of native cotton textile industry were promoted indirectly. This in Henan later in the historical development, can get clear proof. Through the study of cotton planting and marketing in Henan Province in Qing Dynasty, we find that the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture is a long-term historical process and a microcosm of the transformation from traditional China to modern China. The traditional cotton planting industry itself developed to its peak, at the same time, began the process of transformation to modern times. At the same time, we might as well make a bold guess that the textile industry, especially the cotton textile industry, because of its close connection with the cotton planting industry, can itself absorb a large number of labor forces, which are suitable for China's national conditions, and at the same time belong to the low capital requirements of light industry. It is likely to lead China out of the traditional agricultural economy and develop into a new economic form.
【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F329;K249

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