镶黄旗牧民打工向创业转变的经济分析

发布时间：2019-06-07 10:36

【摘要】：创新与创业被喻为新时代国家、地区经济发展的最强动力,研究表明不断产生的创业活动或新企业给经济增长带来了持续的活力,是促进经济繁荣最有效的途径。在我国,自从实施农村经济体制改革以来,极大地解放了生产力,迅速提高了农业劳动生产率,于是导致农村剩余劳动力迅速增加,形成外出打工的热潮。内蒙古作为西部欠发达地区,长期以来也是依靠外出打工的形式解决大量农牧区剩余劳动力就业。尽管外出打工切实改善了农牧民的生活水平,但究其本质属于“治标不治本”,外出打工只是暂时性地提高了农牧民的收入,却不能解决农牧民的长期就业问题;外出打工对劳动力输出地的负面影响大于正面影响,一来经济贡献率低,二来导致人才流失、人才结构失衡,同时还引发一些不可避免的社会问题,众多的留守妇女、留守儿童、留守老人成为打工经济的牺牲品。随着内蒙古自治区经济的快速发展,劳动力已不再是单向流出,而是形成了“有进有出”的双向流动局面,越来越多的农牧民结束打工生活,选择返乡创业,将自己在打工期间积累的资金、技术、知识带回家乡,解决自我就业的同时带动家乡经济发展,甚至带动其他的家乡同胞发家致富,形成新一轮的“返乡创业潮”。在长期的探索中,发现引导农牧民创业才是实现农牧民增收、解决农牧区剩余劳动力、实现城镇化的可靠途径,也是农牧民实现长效发展的必由之路。本文通过实地调研,以理论分析与数据分析相结合的方法,对镶黄旗返乡创业的蒙古族牧民进行调查,研究其打工、创业的活动过程以及如何加快二者之间的转化。本文首先追溯了镶黄旗蒙古族牧民外出打工的过程及特点,主要从打工历程、时间、规模、原因几个角度分析打工经济现象,由此引申至蒙古族返乡牧民的创业问题。以调查问卷和面对面访谈的方法,深入了解牧民创业者的现状,总结了基本情况例如年龄、性别、学历等特点,以及创业环境、创业过程情况,分析了创业过程中遇到的困难和困境,提出了相应的建议和对策。论文旨在以微观的视角洞悉蒙古族牧民返乡创业的整个活动过程,最终扩展到宏观层面的县域经济发展、地区经济发展,研究如何加快、促进牧民由打工转变为创业,具有理论与现实的双重意义。
[Abstract]:Innovation and entrepreneurship are regarded as the strongest driving force of regional economic development in the new era. Research shows that the continuous emergence of entrepreneurial activities or new enterprises has brought sustained vitality to economic growth and is the most effective way to promote economic prosperity. In our country, since the implementation of the reform of the rural economic system, the productivity has been greatly liberated and the productivity of agricultural labor has been rapidly improved, which has led to the rapid increase of the rural surplus labor force and the formation of the upsurge of going out to work. Inner Mongolia, as an underdeveloped area in the west, has long relied on the form of going out to work to solve the employment of a large number of surplus labor force in agricultural and pastoral areas. Although the living standard of farmers and herdsmen has been improved by going out to work, its essence belongs to "cure symptoms and not cure root causes". Going out to work only temporarily increases the income of farmers and herdsmen, but it can not solve the long-term employment problem of farmers and herdsmen. The negative impact of going out to work on the export of labor force is greater than the positive impact, one is the low economic contribution rate, the other is the brain drain and the imbalance of talent structure. At the same time, it also leads to some inevitable social problems, a large number of left-behind women. Left-behind children, left-behind old people become the victims of the working economy. With the rapid economic development of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region, the labor force is no longer a one-way outflow, but has formed a two-way flow situation of "in and out". More and more farmers and herdsmen end their working lives and choose to return home to start a business. Bring back the funds, skills and knowledge accumulated during the work period, solve the problem of self-employment and drive the economic development of your hometown at the same time, and even drive other compatriots in their hometown to become rich, forming a new round of "returning home entrepreneurship tide." In the long-term exploration, it is found that guiding farmers and herdsmen to start a business is the reliable way to increase the income of farmers and herdsmen, solve the surplus labor force in agricultural and pastoral areas, and realize urbanization, and it is also the only way for farmers and herdsmen to achieve long-term development. Through field investigation and the combination of theoretical analysis and data analysis, this paper investigates the Mongolian herdsmen who return home and start a business in Xianhuang Banner, and studies their working, entrepreneurial activity process and how to speed up the transformation between the two. This paper first traces back to the process and characteristics of Mongolian herdsmen working in Xianhuang Banner, mainly analyzes the economic phenomenon of working from the aspects of working course, time, scale and reasons, which extends to the entrepreneurial problem of Mongolian returning herdsmen. By means of questionnaire and face-to-face interview, this paper deeply understands the present situation of herdsmen's entrepreneurs, summarizes the basic situation such as age, gender, educational background and other characteristics, as well as the entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial process. This paper analyzes on the difficulties and difficulties encountered in the process of starting a business, and puts forward some corresponding suggestions and countermeasures. The purpose of this paper is to understand the whole process of Mongolian herdsmen returning home and start their own businesses from a micro perspective, and finally to expand to the macro level of county economic development and regional economic development, and to study how to speed up the transformation of herdsmen from working to starting a business. It has the dual significance of theory and reality.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F323.6;F279.2

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