拜占庭帝国丧失埃及地区的经济因素探析

发布时间：2018-08-19 05:51

【摘要】：埃及在拜占庭帝国有着特殊的地位:在经济上,它是“拜占庭大粮仓”,是帝国重要的税收来源,为拜占庭帝国的财政收入做出了极大的贡献;在宗教上,埃及与早期基督教的发展有着千丝万缕的联系,同时,埃及也是帝国境内宗教纷争的策源地,帝国境内的宗教纷争或多或少与埃及相关。查士丁尼一世到伊拉克略一世统治时期,内忧外患的拜占庭帝国已无力支撑庞大的帝国版图,在埃及的统治不过是苟延残喘。一方面,从查士丁尼一世开始延续到伊拉克略一世统治时期的财政危机,迫使帝国为了增加财政收入,对税收政策做了一定的调整。帝国通过增加税收、对埃及经济进行管控等方式从埃及获取了过多的财富,却没有任何实质性的支持和补偿。对埃及人而言,这是一种沉重的负担,缩小了埃及人的生存空间。另一方面,这一时期埃及自身在经济上的发展也有了很大的变化。首先,自然灾害,例如瘟疫的爆发造成了大量人口的死亡、财产的损失,往往还伴随着普遍的饥荒,严重地破坏了整个埃及的经济基础;其次,这个时期埃及大地产,包括教会大地产和世俗大地产的发展壮大也严重地影响了埃及经济的发展。他们越来越多地将财富、地位攥在自己手中,成为主导埃及经济的重要力量,从而加速了埃及土地兼并的进程,导致更多小地主和农民的破产,在一定程度上打击了埃及经济;最后,在阿拉伯人占领埃及之前,埃及经济进一步衰败,甚至面临崩溃,严重影响了埃及人对拜占庭帝国的忠诚,以至于他们并不反对7世纪40年代埃及即将面临的巨大改变。经济因素成为拜占庭帝国丧失埃及的关键因素之一。
[Abstract]:Egypt had a special place in the Byzantine Empire: economically, it was the "Byzantine granary", an important source of revenue for the empire and a great contributor to the revenue of the Byzantine Empire; in religion, Egypt is closely related to the development of early Christianity. At the same time, Egypt is also the birthplace of religious disputes in the Empire, which is more or less related to Egypt. During the reign of Justinian I and Iraq I, the Byzantine Empire with internal and external troubles was no longer able to support a vast empire, and rule in Egypt was no more than survival. On the one hand, the fiscal crisis from Justinian I to the reign of Iraq forced the Empire to adjust its tax policy in order to increase revenue. The empire gained too much wealth from Egypt by raising taxes and controlling the Egyptian economy without any substantial support or compensation. For Egyptians, this is a heavy burden, reducing the Egyptian living space. On the other hand, Egypt's own economic development in this period also changed a lot. First, natural disasters, such as the outbreak of plague, caused the death of a large number of people and the loss of property, often accompanied by widespread famine, seriously destroying the economic base of the whole of Egypt. The growth of both church and secular properties has also seriously affected the Egyptian economy. More and more of them took possession of wealth and status in their own hands and became an important force to dominate the Egyptian economy, thus speeding up the process of land annexation in Egypt, leading to the bankruptcy of more small landlords and peasants, and hitting the Egyptian economy to a certain extent. Finally, before the Arab occupation of Egypt, Egypt's economy was further decayed or even collapsed, seriously affecting the Egyptians' loyalty to the Byzantine Empire, so that they did not object to the great changes that Egypt was about to face in the 1970s. Economic factors became one of the key factors in the loss of the Byzantine Empire.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F119

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