中国扩大个人消费需求长效机制的研究

发布时间：2018-09-14 15:02

【摘要】：消费需求长效机制是经济机制的一种，指在一系列经济社会政策措施和影响因素的综合作用下，确保消费持续扩大和稳定增长的内部运转和外部作用的原理，以保证消费需求长期正常运行并发挥预期功能的制度体系。消费需求长效机制本身是一项系统工程，具有长效性、扩展性和规范性等基本特征。近年来，我国一系列扩大消费需求政策取得一定成效，但政策刺激消费的整体作用还没有充分发挥，扩大个人消费需求长效机制至今仍未建立。2010年底“十二五”规划中首次提出建立扩大消费需求的长效机制，同时“十二五”时期也正值我国加快经济结构调整、扩大内需、推进经济发展方式转变的关键时期，因此，对扩大个人消费需求长效机制的研究，既是我国当前和今后较长时期的一项战略任务，也是以消费需求驱动经济增长的根本要求。本文在国内外消费需求的研究背景和消费经济学的相关知识、消费对经济增长的作用机理以及消费需求长效机制相关理论的基础上，分别从消费规模、消费结构、消费水平三个方面分析了中国消费需求的总体特征及主要制约因素。改革开放以来我国保持了较快的经济增长，消费规模不断扩大，但消费需求不足问题一直存在，居民个人消费率偏低且持续下降的趋势明显，城乡居民间、居民和政府间以及国内外的消费结构不平衡，区域间、城乡间以及不同年龄居民之间的消费水平也存在明显的差异性，，消费需求对经济增长的拉动作用相对不足。实际上，我国个人消费需求不足主要受居民收入水平相对下降、经济二元结构的长期存在、政府基本公共服务供给能力不足、社会保障制度不完善、促进消费增长的政策缺乏长效性等原因的影响。因此，扩大个人消费需求长效机制的构建就需要相关经济制度和经济体制的保障，其中，规范、配套、稳定的消费制度是构建长效机制的基本条件，释放潜在消费群体的消费能力是构建长效机制的关键，而深化体制改革、完善消费制度、优化消费环境是构建长效机制的重要保证。文中分别基于“橄榄型”收入分配格局的构建、人口老龄化背景释放老年人的消费能力、低碳消费路径的选择三个视角提出保障扩大个人消费需求长效机制构建的对策：其一，合理化收入分配改革机制。收入分配格局不合理、收入差距过大是导致居民个人消费需求不足的主要原因，因此，建立居民收入稳定增长机制、城乡居民就业保障机制，是建立居民个人消费需求长效机制的基础。通过完善税收、转移支付、公共服务、发展慈善事业等加大对收入再分配的调节作用，形成“橄榄型”收入分配格局，提高居民个人消费预期和消费信心，即从增强个人消费能力和消费意愿入手，构建扩大个人消费需求长效机制。其二，完善养老保险制度改革机制。通过中国社会基本养老保险对老年人消费影响的实证研究发现，在人口老龄化的背景下，加快完善养老保险制度改革，调整并优化养老保险基金筹资和给付水平，有助于实现养老资源最优配置，释放老年人消费群体潜在的消费能力。其三，倡导低碳消费观念。低碳消费本身反映了消费结构升级与节能减排，它是构建扩大个人消费需求长效机制的重点，通过对居民个人消费需求与人均碳排放量的实证研究，探索了资源消耗与个人消费适度增长之间的关系，提出倡导居民树立低碳消费观念，促进可持续消费，以期优化个人消费结构、提升消费素质和提高消费质量，实现个人消费由粗放式向集约式的转换。
[Abstract]:The long-term mechanism of consumer demand is a kind of economic mechanism. It refers to the principle of the internal and external functions of ensuring the sustained expansion and steady growth of consumption under the comprehensive effect of a series of economic and social policy measures and influencing factors, so as to ensure the long-term normal operation of consumer demand and give full play to the expected functions. In recent years, a series of policies to expand consumer demand have achieved some results, but the overall role of policies to stimulate consumption has not been fully played, and the long-term mechanism to expand individual consumer demand has not yet been established. It is the first time to establish a long-term mechanism for expanding consumption demand. Meanwhile, the 12th Five-Year Plan period is also a critical period for China to accelerate economic restructuring, expand domestic demand and promote the transformation of economic development mode. Therefore, the study of long-term mechanism for expanding individual consumption demand is not only a strategic task for China at present but also a long-term strategic task for the future. It is the fundamental requirement of economic growth driven by consumption demand.
Based on the research background of consumption demand at home and abroad and the related knowledge of consumption economics, the mechanism of consumption on economic growth and the theory of long-term mechanism of consumption demand, this paper analyzes the general characteristics and main restrictive factors of consumption demand in China from three aspects: consumption scale, consumption structure and consumption level. Since the opening up, China has maintained a relatively rapid economic growth and the consumption scale has been expanding, but the problem of insufficient consumption demand has always existed. The personal consumption rate of residents is on the low side and the trend of continuous decline is obvious. The consumption structure between urban and rural residents, residents and governments as well as at home and abroad is unbalanced. The consumption structure between regions, between urban and rural areas and between residents of different ages is unbalanced. In fact, the insufficiency of individual consumption demand in China is mainly due to the relative decline of the income level of residents, the long-term existence of the dual economic structure, the inadequate supply of basic public services by the government, the imperfect social security system, and the promotion of consumption growth. Therefore, the construction of a long-term mechanism for expanding individual consumption needs to be guaranteed by relevant economic systems and economic systems. Standardization, matching and stable consumption systems are the basic conditions for building a long-term mechanism, and releasing the consumption capacity of potential consumer groups is the key to building a long-term mechanism. Deepening the reform of the system, perfecting the consumption system and optimizing the consumption environment are the important guarantees for building a long-term mechanism.Based on the construction of the "olive" income distribution pattern, the release of the elderly's consumption capacity in the context of population aging, and the choice of low-carbon consumption path, this paper puts forward the construction of a long-term mechanism to ensure the expansion of individual consumption demand. The Countermeasures:
Firstly, rationalize the reform mechanism of income distribution. The unreasonable income distribution pattern and the excessive income gap are the main reasons leading to the insufficient consumption demand of residents. Therefore, the establishment of a stable growth mechanism of residents'income and the employment security mechanism of urban and rural residents are the basis for establishing a long-term mechanism of individual consumption demand of residents. Payment, public service, development of charity and so on will increase the adjustment function to income redistribution, form the "olive" income distribution pattern, improve the individual consumption expectation and consumer confidence, that is to say, from the enhancement of individual consumption ability and consumption will, build a long-term mechanism to expand individual consumption demand.
Secondly, we should improve the reform mechanism of the endowment insurance system. Through the empirical study of the influence of China's social basic endowment insurance on the consumption of the elderly, we find that under the background of population aging, we should speed up the reform of the endowment insurance system, adjust and optimize the level of fund raising and payment of the endowment insurance fund, which will help to realize the optimal allocation of endowment resources and release the elderly. The potential consumption power of the annual consumer group.
Third, advocate the concept of low-carbon consumption. Low-carbon consumption itself reflects the upgrading of consumption structure and energy conservation and emission reduction. It is the focus of building a long-term mechanism to expand individual consumption demand. Through the empirical study of individual consumption demand and per capita carbon emissions, this paper explores the relationship between resource consumption and moderate growth of individual consumption, and puts forward advocacy. Residents should establish the concept of low-carbon consumption and promote sustainable consumption in order to optimize the structure of personal consumption, improve the quality of consumption and improve the quality of consumption, and realize the transformation of personal consumption from extensive to intensive.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F126

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