清代至民国时期江西族产及其管理研究

发布时间：2018-09-16 20:07

【摘要】：清代至民国时期,江西宗族以及宗族内部的各个房支一般都拥有一定数量的共有财产,这些族产类型多种多样,最常见类型是族田、祠堂、庄屋、山林和店铺。在江西各地的宗族内部,普遍存在各种类型的族会。设立族会的目的,通常是为宗族内部的公共事务和公益事业筹集资金,因此族会都拥有一定数量会产。这些会社和会产在兴办各类宗族内部公共事务和公益事业,提高宗族凝聚力,以及兴办地方公益事业,提高宗族社会影响力等方面发挥了十分重要的作用。由于族会数量众多,种类齐全,会产占族产的比例高,因此在清代至民国时期,江西族会经济十分兴盛。乾隆时期江西巡抚查禁祠宇之前,江西各地宗族势力发展迅速,但绝大多数宗族族产微薄,仅能满足祭祀之用。查禁祠宇事件使得宗族势力和族产发展一度受到很大挫折,但是在族规和国法的双重保护之下,江西宗族族产仍然能够日积月累,总量不断增长。清代以来江西各地,各宗族中族产分布数量很不均衡,在各类族产之中,族田和祠堂不仅数量最多,而且也最受族人的重视,在各类族田之中,又以祭田的数量最多,义田、学田也比较常见。清末,族田约占全部耕地的6%,至新中国建立前夕,江西族田占全部耕地的比例已经高达12%以上,其中山区族田比例高于平原地区,山区个别县份族田占全部耕地的比例甚至高达40%。清代以来江西宗族共有财产的来源相当广泛,其中最为常见的是祖先遗产,主要包括祭产和山林。除此之外,族众的捐献、向全体族人的强制摊派,也是清代以来江西族产的重要的来源。清代以来,在江西宗族中大量存在为协助宗祠,完成宗族内部各项公共事务和公益事业而组建的各种会社,这些会社的收益,不断通过捐款捐物的方式转化为族产。族产在祭祀之后的盈余,被族产的管理者用来投资增殖,使得族产能够不断增长。此外,宗祠还通过族规强制收取族人财物来扩充族产,最常见的有丁费、祠仪、罚款、户绝财产充公和捐享入祠等。清代以来的江西宗族中,只有极少数宗族沿用了传统的宗子制度,大多数宗族中,最高管理人员是族长。与族长地位相似的还有族正、族约。各房支也都设立房长进行管理。此外,还有首士、值年、禁首等许多管理人员辅助族长处理宗族内部事务。这些管理人员通常由族人推举产生,推举的通用标准是德才兼备,公正廉明,有威望,能服众。管理人员选拔制度比较公平、公正和公开。宗族事务管理工作需要一定的能力和威望,因此,族长以及他手下的管理人员,大多由族中文化程度比较高的人担任。房长、首士等低级管理人员的设置,使得有权参与族中事务管理的人员达到一定的数量,族长不可能一人独揽族产的管理权。为激励管理人员的工作热情,许多宗族还制定了相应的奖惩措施。位于城镇和乡村的宗祠,除在祠费管理等方面有一定相似之处外,在许多方面有着完全不同的规定,这是由于两者性质和功能不同而产生的差异。江西各地宗族的族田有族人自管、义庄专管、宗祠统管、族人轮管和拼领包管五种管理模式。族田在经营方式上,除个别地区存在佃仆制度之外,大多数宗族的族田全部都采用租佃经营的模式。在现金和田租的经营管理上,也有一些共通之处：比如都特别重视钱粮出纳环节,制订数本账簿,将收支明细一一登载,并由不同的人员保管。钱粮的管理人员定期轮换,交接时要账目清楚。比如,族产的经营者一般都会将盈余钱粮放贷生息,积累到一定金额之后用于购置族田。清代至民国时期,江西各地宗族利用族产兴办了许多宗族内部事务,族产的支出,主要用于祭祀、建祠修谱、兴办教育、奖励学子,以及对族内的贫困孤寡进行抚恤等。这些措施在很大程度上缓和了宗族内部矛盾,增强了宗族的凝聚力。但也有一些宗族管理规章不够严密,又不能顺时而变,使得一些宗族中管理人员滥用族产,甚至侵吞族产的现象屡有发生,由此引发了许多矛盾和冲突。宗族内部不同房支争夺族产管理权和贫困与富裕族人围绕族产的支配权也产生了许多纠纷。此外坟山作为一种特殊形态的族产,无论遭到宗族成员还是外部人员的侵害,都很容易引起尖锐的对立。在保护先人遗骸的前提下,以禁约和清白界址合同来规范彼此利益范围,进而杜绝侵盗冒占等行为,是民间与官方处理此类纠纷,保持宗族内部和宗族之间和谐的常用方法。
[Abstract]:From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the clans and their branches in Jiangxi generally owned a certain amount of common property. These clan property types were various. The most common types were clan fields, ancestral halls, houses, forests and shops. There were various types of clan associations within the clans in Jiangxi Province. The purpose of establishing clan associations was usually for clans. These associations and properties play an important role in setting up various kinds of public affairs and public welfare undertakings within the clan, enhancing the cohesion of the clan, setting up local public welfare undertakings and enhancing the social influence of the clan. In the period from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the economy of Jiangxi clan association was very prosperous. Before the governor of Jiangxi inspected and banned the ancestral halls in the Qianlong period, the clan forces in all parts of Jiangxi developed rapidly, but the majority of the clans produced very little, which could only satisfy the purpose of sacrifice. The development of clan property was once a great setback, but under the dual protection of clan rules and national laws, the clan property in Jiangxi Province has been able to accumulate over time and the total amount has been increasing continuously. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, about 6% of the total cultivated land was in the family fields. By the eve of the founding of New China, the proportion of the whole cultivated land in the family fields in Jiangxi had reached more than 12%. The proportion of the family fields in the mountain areas was higher than that in the plains, and the proportion of the family fields in the individual counties in the mountain areas was even higher than that in the plains. Since the Qing Dynasty, the common property of the clans in Jiangxi has a wide range of sources, the most common of which is the ancestral heritage, mainly including sacrificial offerings and mountains and forests. The income of these associations is constantly converted into the family property through donations. The surplus of the family property after the sacrifice is used by the managers of the family property to invest and multiply, so that the family property can continue to grow. In addition, the ancestral hall also obligates the family members through the clan regulations. Since the Qing Dynasty, only a few clans in Jiangxi Province have followed the traditional patriarchal clan system. Most of the clans, the top management personnel are patriarchs. In addition, there are the first officers, who are on duty and prohibited from assisting the patriarch in the internal affairs of the clan. These managers are usually elected by the clan. The general criteria for selection are integrity, impartiality, prestige and persuasion. The selection system of managers is fairer, fair and open. In order to encourage the management personnel to take part in the management of the affairs of the clan, the head of the clan can not monopolize the management of the property by himself. The ancestral halls located in towns and villages have some similarities in the management of ancestral fees, but they have completely different regulations in many aspects. This is due to the differences in their nature and functions. There are five kinds of management modes, namely, management by ancestral halls, rotation by clansmen, and collateral and contractual management. Apart from the existence of tenancy system in some areas, most of the clan fields adopt tenancy management mode. For example, the operators of the family property would lend the surplus money and grain for interest and accumulate it to a certain amount for the purchase of family land. During the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the clans in Jiangxi Province used the family property to set up the family property. Many of the clan's internal affairs and property expenditures are mainly used for sacrificial rites, ancestral hall compilation, education, reward students, and pension for the poor widows and widows within the clan. These measures have largely eased the contradictions within the clan and enhanced the cohesion of the clan. However, some clan management regulations are not strict enough and can not be timely. As a result of the changes, there have been many conflicts and conflicts among the clan administrators, who abuse and even embezzle the property of the clan. There have also been many disputes between the clan administrators and the rich and the poor over the property of the clan. Under the precondition of protecting the remains of ancestors, it is a common method for the people and the government to handle such disputes and maintain harmony between the clans and clans to standardize the scope of mutual interests by prohibiting contracts and clearing the boundary contracts, and then to eliminate embezzlement and embezzlement.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F129

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