提高劳动者初次分配收入的理论与对策研究

发布时间：2019-05-17 23:51

【摘要】：自1978年改革开放，我国的经济总量迅猛发展，国内生产总值从1978年的3645.2亿元（当年价格）上升到2013年的568845亿元（当年价格），按照经济学原理，在经济总量快速增长的过程中，参与生产的各要素会得到充分运用。同时，也会在分配过程中获得一个合理的报酬额；参与生产的各个主体也会因其自身积极参与生产所做出的贡献，在生产结束的分配领域得到相应的报酬，只有这样才能调动各要素主体参与生产的积极性。然而，我们的现实确是在财富创造取得巨大成就的同时，经济活动的主体劳动者的收入在财富分配第一阶段——初次分配领域中却呈现出种种与劳动创造巨额财富不相称的问题：从劳动者收入的整体层面看，劳动在初次分配过程中获得的报酬在国内生产总值中所占份额日趋下降；与之相反，资本报酬的份额却逐渐上升。从劳动者收入内部细分层面看，占劳动者总量1/3左右的农民工的劳动收入一直得不到提升，处于不同行业的劳动者又有各式不同收入。如何解释在按劳分配的我国劳动者的这种收入分配的不合理？现有研究多数沿袭新古典的思想集中分析生产领域产业结构变动以及技术变动（由密集使用劳动的技术到密集使用资本的技术）引起的劳动与资本要素的供求变动。这些生产过程所导致的要素供求投入变动形成有利于资本的局面，进而生产结束后的分配领域自然有利于资本。单纯的要素供求机制即论述了初次分配领域中所出现的上述不合理现象。此外，另有文献则是借助对前述新古典思想三大假设中的劳动市场所产生的不完全竞争不利于劳动来分析分配领域中劳动收入的恶化。这些分析虽然在一定程度上能够解释我国劳动报酬和居民部门占比下降的原因，但是他们毕竟只是从现实经济表层的某个角度进行的，并且将劳动和资本看作同等的只是用来进行生产的要素，没有从二者产生的历史层面考虑二者的关系进行分析进而找寻劳动报酬占比低的原因，也没有从所有制中要素所有权角度思考决定二者报酬份额的原因。要想涉及到劳动和资本所包含的关系以及从所有制层面剖析劳动收入不合理的原因就必须运用马克思主义的经济理论，因为到目前为止也只有马克思主义的经济学是从所有制决定分配的视角进行分析的。如何运用一种相关的理论既能够考虑到所有制在初次分配中对劳动者收入的作用，同时也能够包括供求机制的各种细分层面对劳动收入的作用？这正是本文要实现的目标，本文通过回顾古典、新古典和凯恩斯主义经济学的分配理论，结合马克思的分配理论与生产方式理论从所有制+供求机制层面来分析：在要素参与生产前的所有制决定了不同所有者之间会在生产过程结束后对生产成果所拥有的特殊分配权力。这种在生产开始前就已决定的分配结果，，造成了资本和劳动的不同分配起点。（然而，不幸的是资本所有者通常都是所有制的优势方，这从整个经济发展的历史来看都是如此，因为他们是拥有生产资料的。）抛开所有制的原因，在商品生产的经济中，劳动和资本作为不同的要素商品，又会受制于市场的供求作用，无论哪一种要素都难逃这种机制在市场交换中对其自身价格和需求数量的影响，而不同的价格和需求数量会引起生产费用的不同，这也就造成在生产结束后对相应费用进行补偿的不同，即不同的分配份额。正是利用上述思想，本文剖析初次分配中存在问题的原因是：不合理的所有制决定劳动者初次分配低收入，适应商品生产的不同要素供求关系影响，劳动者自身技能素质问题，缺失保护劳动者权益的机制，垄断对劳动力流动的阻碍。在此基础上提出相关的解决对策：重建个人所有制增加劳动者收入，加速产业转型改善要素供求对劳动者不利影响，提高劳动者自身素质，完善劳动者权益保护机制，打破垄断促进劳动力流动。这样在考虑了所有制和供求机制双重作用后，各种不同的要素所获得的生产结束后的不同份额就能够得到更加全面、更加合理的解释。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening-up in 1978, China's total economic aggregate has developed rapidly. The gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from 364.52 billion yuan in 1978 (current year price) to 56845 billion yuan in 2013 (current year's price), and in the process of rapid economic growth, according to the economic principle, The elements involved in the production will be fully utilized. At the same time, a reasonable compensation amount can be obtained in the distribution process, and the main body participating in the production can also be actively involved in the contribution of the production, and the corresponding compensation is obtained in the distribution area after the production is finished, so that the enthusiasm of the main body of each element can be mobilized to participate in the production. However, our reality is that, while the wealth creation has made great achievements, the income of the main workers of the economic activity, in the first stage of the distribution of wealth, presents a variety of problems that are not commensurate with the creation of huge wealth of labor: from the whole level of the income of the worker, The share of remuneration received in the initial distribution of labour is declining in terms of gross domestic product; on the contrary, the share of capital remuneration has gradually increased. The labor income of the migrant workers, which is about 1/3 of the total number of workers, has not been promoted from the internal breakdown of the worker's income, and the workers in different industries have different income. How to explain the incompatibilities of this kind of income distribution in the labor-assigned Chinese workers The existing research majority followed the new classical thought to analyze the change of industrial structure in the production field and the supply and demand change of the labor and capital elements caused by the technical change (the technology from the intensive use of labor to the technology of intensive use of the capital) The change of the supply and demand of the elements caused by these production processes is beneficial to the situation of capital, and then the distribution area after the end of production is of natural benefit. The simple element supply and demand mechanism discusses the above-mentioned unreasonable present in the field of primary assignment. In addition, the literature is to analyze the evil of the labor income in the distribution field with the aid of the incomplete competition generated by the labor market in the three hypotheses of the new classical thought. Although the analysis, to a certain extent, can explain the causes of the decline in the labour remuneration and the proportion of the population in our country, they are, after all, carried out only from an angle of the surface of the real economy, and that labour and capital are treated as equal only for production purposes In this paper, the relationship between the two factors is not considered from the historical level of both the two, and the reason why the labor remuneration is lower than that of the lower is found, and the original of the two compensation shares is not considered from the angle of ownership of the elements in the ownership. Because of the relationship between labor and capital and the reason of the unreasonable analysis of labor income from the level of ownership, the economic theory of Marxism must be applied, because so far, only the economics of Marxism is analyzed from the perspective of the decision of ownership. How to use a related theory can not only take into account the role of the ownership in the income of the workers in the initial assignment, but also can include the various sub-segments of the supply and demand mechanism to the labor income. In this paper, by reviewing the distribution theory of the classical, neoclassical and Keynesian economics, the paper points out that the theory of the distribution of Marx and the theory of production mode are divided from the system of ownership and supply and demand. Analysis: The ownership of the factor involved in the production determines the special distribution right of the different owners to the production results after the end of the production process The result of the distribution that has been decided prior to the start of the production, resulting in a different distribution of capital and labor. Point. (Unfortunately, unfortunately, the owners of capital are usually the dominant side of ownership, as is the history of the entire economic development, because they are the means of production of .) Regardless of the causes of ownership, in the economy of commodity production, labor and capital are used as different element commodities, and are subject to the supply and demand of the market, no matter which element is difficult to escape, such a mechanism plays an important role in the market exchange for its own price and quantity of demand In response, the different price and demand quantity will cause different production costs, which will also result in different compensation for the corresponding costs after the end of the production, i.e. the different parts The reason of the problem in the first assignment is that the unreasonable ownership determines that the worker first distributes low-income, adapts to the influence of the supply and demand of different factors of commodity production, and the worker's own skill The problem of quality, the mechanism of protecting the rights and interests of the workers, the monopoly on the flow of the labor force On this basis, we put forward some countermeasures: to rebuild the personal ownership, to increase the income of the workers, to accelerate the transformation of the industry, to improve the supply and demand of the factors to the workers, to improve the self-quality of the workers, to improve the protection mechanism of the rights and interests of the workers, to break the monopoly and promote the labor. The flow of force. In this way, after considering the dual role of the ownership and supply and demand mechanisms, the different shares of the various elements obtained after the end of production can be more comprehensive and more reasonable
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F124.7

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