蚂蚁群体运动规律的实验与模拟研究

发布时间：2018-01-24 13:46

本文关键词： 行人动力学人员疏散日本弓背蚁昆虫疏散实验元胞自动机模型无视野行人　出处：《中国科学技术大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着我国社会经济的日益发展以及人民生活水平的日益提高,城市中出现了越来越多的大型建筑,同时,由于人口的增长,出现了越来越多的人员密集区域,因此一旦发生灾害或是事故时,大规模的人群如何更快更安全地从建筑中疏散出来成为了当前急需研究的课题。然而,由于之前的研究方法存在一些难以解决的问题,比如：疏散模型的校准和验证问题,恐慌状态下的人员疏散实验难以开展,以及事故调查所存在的数据记录稀缺和不完整性等等,因此,一些研究者们提出了一种新的研究方法：动物实验。本文主要以蚂蚁为研究对象,对单列通道,单出口房间,双出口房间中的压力条件下蚂蚁疏散行为特性开展了系统的研究,详细分析了疏散过程中蚂蚁的运动行为特性,并且与人群疏散行为进行对比分析,旨在进一步认识蚂蚁本身的运动行为特性,了解蚂蚁与人类行为所存在的相似以及不同之处,为研究人员疏散探索新的方法。首先,本文采用日本弓背蚁,开展了蚂蚁于单列通道中的疏散实验,以揭示蚂蚁这种常见的社会性昆虫处于压力条件下的运动行为特征。在实验中,本文使用香茅油来驱动蚂蚁从一条单向单列直通道的一端运动到另外一端。整个实验过程都由一台摄像机拍摄下来。接下来,本文使用图像处理的方法从视频中提取了蚂蚁的速度和蚂蚁间的间距。实验结果表明,蚂蚁的流量会随着蚂蚁密度的增加而增加。并且蚂蚁的速度并不会随着密度的升高而单调下降,反而随着密度的变化拥有其特有的规律。研究发现,实验中所得到的蚂蚁运动结果与人类基本图存在不同之处。本文的工作为理解群体智能提供了重要的视野,并且为蚂蚁交通研究方面提供了有用的实验数据。为了进一步地研究蚂蚁的运动特性,本文开展了日本弓背蚁于单出口矩形房间中的疏散实验,在实验中,本文将蚂蚁放置在单出口矩形房间内,房间内部放置有一张滤纸,滤纸上注入了对于蚂蚁具有刺激性的物质香茅油。研究发现,从房间通过单出口疏散时蚂蚁流能够形成多个簇。为了量化蚂蚁群体的运动行为,本文统计了六组重复实验中每两只连续从房间完全疏散的蚂蚁间的时间间隔,每组实验中,房间拥有不同的出口宽度。随着蚂蚁从房间疏散出去,蚂蚁个体间的时间间隔是有所不同的,并且时间间隔的频率分布表现出指数式衰减的规律。本文同时也研究了每个簇的蚂蚁数量和簇流量间的关系。通过本文所做的蚂蚁疏散实验发现,在压力条件下的蚂蚁疏散并没有表现出“自私疏散行为”。为了拓展对于这个研究问题的认识,本文构建了一个元胞自动机模型来模拟蚂蚁在压力条件下的行为。在之前的蚂蚁疏散实验中,本文得到了蚂蚁的身长,形状,实际速度,这些参数都被考虑到本文的模型之中。在之前所进行的蚂蚁疏散实验中,一张注有香茅油的滤纸被放于实验小室远离出口的那一边上。受实验的启发,参数D被引入到本文的模型中,参数D是指蚂蚁向前运动的倾向,而向前运动指的是向出口方向运动,即远离香茅油的方向。模型中的每只蚂蚁(An)都有相同的D值。在本文的模型中,N只蚂蚁起始时被随机放于房间中,本文采用的是顺序更新的方法。关于每种出口宽度下,蚂蚁疏散数量随时间演化关系,我们将每种宽度下的疏散都进行了多次模拟,并且将模拟出来的结果与实验结果进行了对比。之后,本文还使用模型研究了影响蚂蚁疏散效率的因素。接下来,为了研究两个出口间的距离对于蚂蚁疏散行为的影响以及蚂蚁从一个双出口房间逃生的疏散行为,本文采用日本弓背蚁进行了压力条件下的蚂蚁疏散实验,一共进行了八组重复实验。每组重复实验包含五种实验场景,而每种实验场景两出口间的间距都是不同的。本研究发现蚂蚁在压力条件下表现出“对称性破缺”的现象。本文还测量了连续疏散个体间的时间间隔以及流量,通过分析和研究发现,不同的出口位置对于蚂蚁的疏散效率有着很明显的影响。除此之外,通过比较一些重要的行为特征,比如：位置、轨迹、速度和密度图,本文发现,社会力模型中所预测的行人行为和实验中的蚂蚁于压力条件下的行为存在一些不同之处。此外,本研究开展了基于“盲人”行为的实验研究。和之前的研究所不同的是,本文研究了单出口房间中不同大小出口以及双出口房间中双出口的不同位置条件下的行人行为,并且还扩大了房间尺寸增加了实验中行人的数量。本文主要研究了簇形成现象以及无视野条件下人类的行为。整个疏散过程都使用摄像机记录下来并进行观察。研究发现,和有视野行人不同的是,被蒙上眼睛的人们表现出一种特殊的行为。在疏散实验中,本文发现行人流会形成多个簇。根据视频观测以及数据分析的结果,本文发现出口处并没有发生阻塞甚至在出口处的密度只能达到3.29人/平方米。本文对于行人运动的研究显示被蒙上眼睛的行人速度频率分布遵循高斯规律。除此之外,本研究还发现两个可选择的出口若能够更为平均地使用,双出口房间的疏散将会更有效率。另外,本文发现无视野行人疏散时所体现出的一些行为和蚂蚁疏散时的行为存在某些相似性。最后,总结了全文的研究工作以及主要的结果,同时基于本文研究工作提出需要进一步开展的研究。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's social economy and the increasing of people's living standards, the emergence of large buildings, more and more in the city at the same time, due to population growth, appears more and more crowded areas, so once the disaster or accident, large-scale population to more quickly and safely from the building evacuated has become an urgent research topic. However, because of the research methods before there are some difficult issues, such as: the calibration and verification problems of evacuation model, in a state of panic evacuation experiments difficult to carry out, and the data records exist scarce investigation of accidents and incomplete and so on, therefore, some researchers we propose a new research method: animal experiment. In this paper the ant as the research object, the single channel, single exit room, double outlet pressure conditions in the room Under the ant evacuationbehavior characteristics to carry out the system research, detailed analysis of the motion behavior of ants in the process of evacuation, and evacuation behavior were analyzed, aimed at further understanding the movement behavior of the ants themselves, some ants and human behavior understanding the similarities and differences of the evacuation, to explore a new method for researchers. First of all, this paper adopts C.japonics, evacuation experiments carried out in separate channels in ants, ants to reveal the common social insects in motion behavior under stress. In the experiment, we use citronella oil to drive ants from one end of a one-way single straight channel to the other end of the movement. The experimental process by a camera down. Next, this paper extracted from the video speed of ants and ant spacing between the use of the method of image processing . the experimental results show that the ant traffic will increase with the increase of ant density. And the speed of the ant does not decrease monotonically with increasing density, but with the change of density has its unique patterns. The study found that the ant movement result from in the experiments with different basic human figure. The work of this paper provides an important perspective for the understanding of swarm intelligence, and provides useful data for ant traffic research. In order to further study the ant movement characteristics, this paper carried out the experiment in C.japonics evacuation single exit rectangular room, in the experiment, the ants are placed on single export rectangular room. Inside the room is provided with a piece of filter paper, filter paper injected for ants have stimulant citronella oil. The study found that from the room through the single exit evacuation flow to the ants The formation of multiple clusters. In order to quantify the movement behavior of ant colony, based on the statistics of six groups of repeated experiment time interval of every two consecutive completely evacuated from the room between ants, each experiment, the room has a different outlet width. With the ant out from the room, the time interval between individual ants is different. And the frequency distribution of time intervals showed an exponential decay law. This paper also studies the relationship between the number of ants and cluster flow between each cluster. Through the ant evacuation experiment found that evacuation under pressure of ants did not show "selfish evacuation behavior". In order to expand the understanding of the research the problem, this paper constructs a cellular automaton model to simulate the behavior of ants under pressure. Before the evacuation of ants in the experiment, we get the length of the ant, The shape, the actual speed, these parameters were taken into the model in this paper. The ants before evacuation experiment, a note of citronella oil filter paper is placed on the side away from the outlet. The experimental chamber inspired by the experiment, the parameter D is introduced into the model, the parameter D is the tendency of ants moving ahead and move forward, refers to the export direction, away from the direction of citronella oil. Each ant in the model (An) have the same D value. In this model, N ants were randomly placed in the room at the beginning, this paper uses the method of sequential updating. For each outlet width, the number of ants evacuation time evolution relationship, we will each have evacuation width for a number of simulation, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results. After that, this paper also uses the model to study the influence of The factors of ants evacuation efficiency. Then, in order to study the two exit distance influence on evacuation behavior of ants and ants escape from a double outlet room evacuation behavior, this paper adopts C.japonics was under pressure in the ant evacuation experiment, a total of eight groups of repeated experiments. Each repeated experiment included five experimental conditions, and spacing for each of the two export of the scene is different. The study found that ants exhibit "symmetry breaking" phenomenon under pressure. This paper also measured the time interval between consecutive individual evacuation and flow, through analysis and research found that different export position is significant impact on evacuation efficiency of ants. In addition, through the comparison of some important characteristics, such as position, trajectory, velocity and density map, this paper found that the social force model There are some differences between pedestrian behavior and experimental prediction of the behavior of ants in stressful conditions. In addition, this study was carried out based on "blind" behavior research and experimental research. Before the difference is studied in this paper, the pedestrian behavior in different position of double outlet of single room conditions in different size of export and export double outlet in the next room, and also expand the room size increases the number of pedestrians. The formation of experimental phenomena were studied in this paper under the condition of no cluster and view human behavior. The evacuation process is used to record and observation. The study found that there was a view and pedestrian is different, and people the eyes show a kind of special behavior. During the evacuation experiments, we found that the pedestrian flow will form multiple clusters. According to the analysis of video data and observation results, this paper found the exit and There is no congestion and even reached 3.29 / square meters in density at the exit. This paper only for the study of pedestrian movement shows blindfolded pedestrian speed frequency distribution follows the Gauss rule. In addition, the study also found that two can choose to export more evenly to use, will be more efficient to double the evacuation exit the room. In addition, this paper found some ants behavior and view of pedestrian evacuation that reflect the evacuation behavior when there is some similarity. Finally, summarizes the dissertation and the main results, at the same time, this paper put forward further studies based on.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：X928

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