历史时期以来汉江上游自然灾害的社会影响与应对措施

发布时间：2018-03-02 22:32

本文选题：历史时期　切入点：汉江上游　出处：《陕西师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：汉江上游地区是一个自然灾害频发的地区,本文以史料记载的历史时期以来,从208BC到2010AD汉江上游地区的各种自然灾害为依据,包括水灾、旱灾、风雹灾害、地质灾害、虫灾、冻灾等,分析了各种自然灾害的特点、发生的频率、季节与月份特征、成灾原因等。历史时期以来,汉江上游地区的灾害呈现出灾害种类多；旱涝灾害为主；灾害出现次数多,频繁发生；次生灾害多,且成灾较严重等特点。历史时期以来的很长时期内,自然灾害是制约汉江上游地区社会再生产的重要因素。灾害的发生给汉江上游地区的社会带来很大影响。首先,灾害影响本地区的人口的数量和身体素质。汉江上游地区由于交通、区位、历史等原因,经济发展缓慢,历史时期本就人口稀少。灾害发生时,又会导致人口的大量死亡以及灾民外出逃荒,人口数量严重减少、人口变动频繁；其次灾荒的发生必然会导致灾民的生活质量变差,身体素质下降。其次,灾害的频繁发生对本地区的社会经济带来很大损失。表现在：粮食减产甚至绝收；劳动力减少,土地抛荒,恢复再生产困难；土地的抛荒,又导致农村地价严重下跌,土地兼并严重,而且灾荒之年农村高利贷盛行,农村经济秩序混乱；农耕荒芜,使工商业经济缺少原材料,加上灾害年份灾民购买力下降,工商业经济发展缓慢,社会经济凋弊。再次,自然灾害使社会秩序混乱。各种灾害发生之时,往往最直接的影响就是粮食减产,引发饥荒。汉江上游地区饥荒严重之年,灾民为求生存,不惜卖妻鬻女,甚至骨肉相食,传统的人伦道德受到严重冲击：灾荒后人口的频繁变动也在一定程度上扰乱了社会秩序,增加政府管理上的困难；灾荒发生时,灾民们常出现抢粮、抗租、“吃大户”行为,甚至更严重时会揭竿而起,发动农民起义。此外,自然灾害频繁发生,而历史时期人们对灾害缺乏科学的认识,不懂正确的救治手段,历史时期以来,汉江上游地区出现了特殊的灾异风俗。比如,旱灾后的祈雨、驱逐旱魃行为；水灾时利用“扫天婆”祈晴；蝗灾发生时拜蝗神、拜农神除蝗；以及个别地方逃荒的风俗等,这些风俗的形成虽不科学,但也一定程度上反应了出劳动人民在长期灾害频发时形成的灾害救助思想。最后,灾害发生时灾民逃荒,以及灾荒后政府的招徕流民移垦政策,带来了大量的人口流动,也促进了不同地区的文化交流。如,风俗、方言、农耕技术等方面的传播。汉江上游地区的政府和社会在灾害应对方面,主要表现在三个方面：(1)灾害发生之前的灾害预防。如,兴修水利防汛抗旱,历史时期本区筑造了大量的古堰,以及引水渠；最早从三国时期就有禁伐林木的措施,到明清时期更加重视；以及在丰收年份储粮备荒的政策。(2)灾害发生之时,政府和民间义士积极救济,如,赈粮、赈粥、赈款、赈衣等；政府调粮,平物价；政府制定减少农民赋税、田租等政策,减轻灾时农民负担。(3)灾害发生之后,为鼓励农民恢复生产,政府低价向农民借贷粮食、耕牛、工具,甚至减免灾民债务等措施,鼓励农民承租耕地,号召本乡流民灾后复业,并招徕外地流民进入汉江上游地区垦荒就食,以减少土地荒废,增加财政和赋税收入。
[Abstract]:The upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area is a natural disaster prone areas, based on the historical records of the historical period, from 208BC to 2010AD of various natural disasters in upper reaches of Hanjiang River area as the basis, including flood, drought, hail disasters, geological disasters, pests, frost and so on, analyzes the characteristics of all kinds of natural disasters, the frequency of occurrence of the season with the month characteristics, disaster reason. Since the historical period, the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area of the disaster shows many kinds of disasters of flood and drought disasters;; frequency, frequent; secondary disasters, and disaster is more serious. For a long period since the historical period, natural disasters are important factors restricting the social reproduction of Hanjiang River the upstream region. Disasters bring great impact on the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area of the society.
First of all, the impact of disasters in the region population and physical quality. The upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area due to traffic, location, history and other reasons, the slow pace of economic development, historical period the sparsely populated. When disasters occur, a large number of deaths will lead to population and disaster victims out from hunger, the population was severely reduced, population changes frequently occur; secondly the victims of the famine will inevitably lead to a poor quality of life, physical decline.
Secondly, the frequent occurrence of disasters caused great losses to the region's social and economic performance. In the grain production even crops; reduce the labor force, land abandonment, recovery of reproduction difficulties; land abandonment, and lead to serious rural land down, land annexation is serious, and the famine years of rural usury, rural economic chaos; farming barren the industrial and commercial economy, the lack of raw materials, and the victims of disaster year decline in purchasing power, industrial and commercial economic development is slow, social economy fades the disadvantages.
Once again, natural disasters, social disorder. All kinds of disasters occurred, often is the most direct impact on the food production, cause the famine hit areas of the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River, the victims in order to survive, to sell one's wife and daughter, and even eat flesh, the traditional ethics and morality by the severe impact of famine: after frequent changes the population has to a certain extent, disrupting social order, increase government management difficult; famine, victims often rob food, rent, eat big behavior, even more serious when will rise up, a peasant uprising.
In addition, the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, and the history of disaster people lack of scientific understanding, do not know the correct treatment method, since the historical period, the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area there is a special and customs. For example, after the rain drought, flood and drought expulsion behavior; "so great days" Qi Qing; locust plague worship God of locusts, bynon God except locust; and some places of the common customs, these customs form is not scientific, but also to some extent reflects people's labor in the formation of long-term disasters when the disaster relief thought.
Finally, the disaster victims of hunger, famine and government attract refugee immigration policy, has brought a large number of population movements, but also promote cultural exchanges in different regions. For example, customs, dialects, the spread of agricultural technology.
The upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area government and society in disaster response, mainly in three aspects: (1) disaster before the disaster prevention. Such as water conservancy, flood control and drought periods in this area, built a large number of ancient weir, and aqueducts; from the earliest period of the Three Kingdoms have forbidden forest measures to during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, pay more attention to; and policy in good years. (2) for the storage of the disaster, the government and folk 'positive relief, such as relief, relief food, porridge, so, clothing and other relief; government regulation of grain, flat prices; the government reduced farmers' taxes, land rent and other policies to reduce disaster when the farmers' burden. (3) after the disaster, to encourage farmers to resume production, the government price to farmers borrowing grain, cattle, tools, and even the victims relief measures such as debt, encourage farmers to lease land, call the Township after the disaster recovery and refugees, to attract foreign refugees into the Han River In the upper reaches of reclamation for eating, to reduce their land and increase the fiscal revenue.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：X43

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