道路运输危险气体泄漏扩散模型构建与应急管理研究

发布时间：2018-03-27 17:41

本文选题：道路运输　切入点：危险气体　出处：《长安大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：随着现代工业高速发展,作为原料或生产加工辅料的气体类危险品在工业及相关行业中的需求逐年增多,运输压力逐年增大。很多气体类危险品具有毒性、易燃性和易爆性等危险特性,在道路运输过程中一旦发生泄漏,将会引发中毒、火灾和爆炸等恶性事故,给运输沿线的生命财产及环境造成严重伤害。危险气体运输车辆就像一个移动的危险源,具有极大的风险。因此,危险气体在道路运输过程中发生泄漏事故后,如何快速、有效、直观地计算出危险气体的浓度分布、扩散范围并按危害程度划分不同的危险区域,科学指导沿线居民疏散,有效开展应急救援行动显得至关重要。论文首先研究了道路运输危险气体泄漏事故的发生与发展过程、泄漏机理以及泄漏源形式,根据泄漏源形式和特征的不同将泄漏分成瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏两种;以道路运输液氯为研究对象,根据其泄漏的动态过程、物质特性和泄漏机理等,分别建立其瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏的泄漏源模型。其次,通过对危险气体大气扩散的影响因素进行分析,并结合道路运输危险气体的泄漏和扩散特点,引入动态变化的泄漏强度、罐车移动方向和速度等参数,分别建立适用于道路运输危险气体的三种扩散模型:固定点源瞬时泄漏扩散模型、固定点源连续泄漏扩散模型和移动点源连续泄漏扩散模型。然后,以液氯的道路运输为研究对象,采用MATLAB软件编程,对三种典型的液氯泄漏情景进行模拟,以三维可视化的方式计算出氯气的地面浓度分布和扩散范围,并按严重程度从高到低划分出立即致死区、重度区、中度区和轻度区4个危险区域。三种情景下的扩散结果也验证了本文所建立的泄漏源模型和扩散模型的合理性。接着,将运输泄漏扩散模拟引入到应急响应中,从而建立了包括接警、运输泄漏扩散模拟、警报信息发布、应急响应行动和现场恢复等一系列过程的运输泄漏事故的应急响应程序,为泄漏事故的预警和救援提供科学依据。最后结合上述分析和研究,以国内某运输企业运载液氯为例,运用本文所建的泄漏模型和扩散模型,对假定的实际道路事故场景进行模拟,计算出危险气体的总影响区域及疏散区域,并提出相应的应急响应措施。实例研究表明,本文研究成果可为有关部门的应急响应和救援工作提供技术支持。综上,论文基于道路运输危险气体的泄漏和扩散特征以及相关理论,建立了相应的泄漏源模型和扩散模型,并运用MATLAB软件编程,对液氯道路运输的三种典型泄漏事故场景进行模拟,给出氯气的地面浓度分布和扩散范围,并据此划分危险区域,最后,将该运输泄漏扩散模拟引入到应急管理中,建立了一套道路运输危险气体泄漏事故的应急响应程序。论文的研究成果可为运输泄漏事故的预警、应急救援和风险评价提供理论支撑,为构建危险气体道路运输安全保障体系奠定基础。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of modern industry, the demand of gas dangerous goods as raw materials or auxiliary materials for production and processing is increasing year by year, and the transportation pressure is increasing year by year. Dangerous characteristics such as flammability and explosive will lead to toxic, fire and explosion accidents once leakage occurs in the course of road transportation. Dangerous gas transport vehicles are like a moving hazard source, with great risks. Therefore, how to leak dangerous gas in the course of road transportation, how to quickly, Effectively and intuitively calculate the concentration distribution of dangerous gas, spread the range and divide different dangerous areas according to the degree of harm, and scientifically guide the evacuation of residents along the route. It is very important to carry out emergency rescue actions effectively. Firstly, this paper studies the occurrence and development of road transportation dangerous gas leakage accident, the leakage mechanism and the form of leakage source. The leakage is divided into instantaneous leakage and continuous leakage according to the form and characteristics of the leakage source, taking the road transportation liquid chlorine as the research object, according to its leakage dynamic process, material characteristics and leakage mechanism, etc. The leakage source models of instantaneous leakage and continuous leakage are established respectively. Secondly, by analyzing the influence factors of atmospheric diffusion of dangerous gas and combining the characteristics of leakage and diffusion of dangerous gas in road transportation, the dynamic variation of leakage intensity is introduced. Three kinds of diffusion models for road transportation of dangerous gas are established, such as the moving direction and velocity of the tank car, namely, the instantaneous leakage diffusion model of fixed point source. Fixed point source continuous leakage diffusion model and moving point source continuous leakage diffusion model. Then, taking the road transportation of liquid chlorine as the research object, three typical liquid chlorine leakage scenarios were simulated by MATLAB software. The surface concentration distribution and diffusion range of chlorine gas were calculated by 3D visualization, and the immediate lethal zone and severe area were divided from high to low according to the degree of severity. The diffusion results under three scenarios also verify the rationality of the leakage source model and diffusion model established in this paper. Then, the transport leakage diffusion simulation is introduced into the emergency response. Thus, an emergency response program for a series of transport leakage accidents, including alarm reception, transport leakage diffusion simulation, alarm information release, emergency response action and site recovery, was established. This paper provides scientific basis for early warning and rescue of leakage accident. Finally, with the above analysis and research, taking a domestic transportation enterprise carrying liquid chlorine as an example, the leakage model and diffusion model established in this paper are used. Based on the simulation of the actual road accident scenarios, the total affected area and the evacuation area of the dangerous gas are calculated, and the corresponding emergency response measures are put forward. The research results in this paper can provide technical support for emergency response and rescue work of relevant departments. In summary, based on the leakage and diffusion characteristics of dangerous gases in road transportation and related theories, the corresponding leakage source model and diffusion model are established. Three typical leakage accident scenarios of liquid chlorine road transportation are simulated by using MATLAB software, and the ground concentration distribution and diffusion range of chlorine gas are given, and the dangerous area is divided according to the distribution and distribution of chlorine gas. The simulation of transport leakage diffusion is introduced into emergency management, and a set of emergency response program for road transportation dangerous gas leakage accident is established. The research results of this paper can be used as early warning of transportation leakage accident. Emergency rescue and risk assessment provide theoretical support for the construction of dangerous gas road transportation security system.
【学位授予单位】：长安大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：U492.8

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