建筑内典型区域人员疏散特性及疏散策略研究

发布时间：2018-04-23 01:00

本文选题：人员疏散 + 多障碍物房间　；参考：《中国科学技术大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：人口的增长使得高层建筑和诸如影剧院、体育馆和会议大厅等公共场所迅速发展起来,这些类型的建筑场所内通常会聚集有大规模人群,一旦发生火灾等紧急情况需进行人员疏散时,如何快速、有效、安全地疏散处于危险状态的群体成为近年来研究的热点。由于建筑结构的特性,存在座椅等障碍物房间内的疏散,高层建筑的竖直疏散和管理策略等问题显得尤其重要。本文针对建筑物内的多障碍物房间、楼梯和电梯等典型区域开展人员疏散特性和疏散策略的研究,旨在对建筑内紧急疏散时的行为特性、疏散时间和行人流流动状态等进行详细分析,为建筑的结构设计和紧急疏散时的人群管理提供建议和科学支持。诸如教室、影剧院、会议大厅和体育馆等室内有众多规则排列座椅的多障碍物房间,紧急疏散时内部布局对疏散效率应有显著影响。基于此,本文首先开展了考虑初始人员分布、远程声音信息和特殊小群体的融合了室内、走廊和楼梯的疏散实验。对个体疏散时间、疏散路线以及出口选择的相关性进行了分析。结果发现：中间过渡出口的选择和最终出口的选择之间存在强的正相关性(相关系数为0.936),当疏散目的地不明确时,中间过渡出口的选择影响最终出口的选择；而疏散目的地明确时,最终出口的选择控制着中间过渡出口的选择。此外,室内疏散时对同一排的人员存在一分叉点,分叉点的位置偏离出口侧。随后针对多障碍物房间结构特性提出的考虑过道因素的改进疏散模型可以很好地模拟实验结果,比如出口选择性均衡系数的实验结果为22.6%,而模拟结果为20.4%。模拟还发现：疏散过程中堵塞常发生于横向和纵向过道的交叉区域而不是出口附近,正对于过道的开口、侧面边缘位置的开口以及室内紧靠出口墙壁侧的过道等设计均有利于人员疏散。当室内容量一定时,应优先考虑过道布局的设计而非座椅布局的设计。对高层建筑内的竖直疏散,本文首先针对紧急疏散时楼梯行人流提出了同时考虑楼梯平台的转弯行为和楼梯入口处汇流过程的格子气模型,模拟再现了转弯行为和汇流过程,指出了楼梯行人流的积聚效应以及因汇流过程引起的局部拥堵。随后讨论了分别利用楼梯、电梯和混合使用时疏散单层人员和同时疏散多层人员疏散时间的计算方法。结果发现,对小规模群体的低层疏散,随疏散高度的增加楼梯疏散时间增加更为明显；而对大规模群体的高层疏散,随疏散高度和疏散规模的增加电梯疏散时间的增加更为明显。最后,本文基于贝叶斯分析讨论了高层建筑火灾情况下竖直疏散时的三阶段动态管理框架,在不同阶段依据火灾发展及扑救情况和不同区域的危险状态分别对疏散规模、疏散终点和疏散方式进行决策,并探讨了以疏散指示信息为媒介的疏散人员和管理人员间的信息交互,即管理人员通过疏散指示系统发布决策信息,疏散人员遵从指令进行疏散并进行信息反馈,为管理人员下一阶段的决策提供信息来源。
[Abstract]:The growth of the population has led to the rapid development of high-rise buildings and public places such as theaters, gymnasiums and conference halls. In these types of buildings, large crowds are usually gathered. In case of emergency situations such as fire, evacuation, how to quickly, effectively and safely evacuate groups at risk Because of the characteristics of the building structure, there is an evacuation in a room such as a seat, such as a seat, and the vertical evacuation and management strategy of a high building are particularly important.
This paper studies the evacuation characteristics and evacuation strategies in the typical areas of buildings, staircases and elevators, aiming at the detailed analysis of the behavior characteristics, evacuation time and the flow state of pedestrians during the emergency evacuation in the building, providing the construction design and the emergency evacuation of the crowd management. Protocol and scientific support.
A multi barrier room with many rules, such as classrooms, theaters, conference hall and gymnasiums, has a significant impact on the efficiency of evacuation in emergency evacuation. Based on this, this article first takes into account the distribution of the initial personnel, the remote sound information and the special small groups of indoor, corridor and staircase. The correlation between the evacuation time, the evacuation route and the exit selection is analyzed. The results show that there is a strong positive correlation between the choice of the intermediate transition exit and the choice of the final export (the correlation coefficient is 0.936). When the evacuation destination is clear, the choice of the final exit controls the choice of the intermediate transition exit. In addition, there is a bifurcation point for the same row of people during the evacuation, and the location of the bifurcation point deviates from the exit side.
Subsequently, an improved evacuation model, which considers the aisle factors, is a good simulation of the experimental results. For example, the experimental results of the exit selectivity equilibrium coefficient are 22.6%, and the simulation results are that 20.4%. simulation also shows that the blockage often occurs in the cross area of the transverse and longitudinal passage during the evacuation process. It is in the vicinity of the exit. The opening of the aisle, the opening of the side edge of the side and the aisle on the side of the wall, which are close to the exit wall, are beneficial to the evacuation. The design of the aisle layout should be given priority to the design of the aisle layout rather than the seat layout when the indoor capacity is fixed.
For the vertical evacuation in the high-rise building, this paper first proposes a lattice gas model which considers the turning behavior of the staircase and the flow of the staircase entrance at the time of emergency evacuation. The simulation and reappearance of the turning behavior and the process of confluence are simulated, and the accumulation effect of the staircase flow and the part caused by the confluence process are pointed out. Congestion. Then the calculation method of evacuation time of evacuating multilayer personnel and evacuating multi layer personnel at the same time with staircases, elevators and mixed use were discussed. It was found that the evacuation time of the small scale group was more obvious with the increase of evacuation height, and the high level evacuation to the large group was higher with the evacuation. The increase of evacuation time and scale of evacuation is more obvious.
Finally, based on Bias analysis, this paper discusses the three stage dynamic management framework of vertical evacuation in the case of fire in high-rise buildings. In different stages, the decision is made on the evacuation scale, evacuation end point and evacuation mode according to the fire development and the rescue situation and the dangerous state of different regions, and the information of evacuation indicator is discussed as the medium. The information interaction between the evacuees and the managers, that is, the managers release the decision information through the evacuation indicator system, evacuate personnel to follow the instructions to evacuate and carry out information feedback, providing information sources for the managers' decision in the next stage.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：X93

【参考文献】