基于重大自然灾害应急物资分配优化研究

发布时间：2018-10-08 19:39

【摘要】：自然灾害是在人类生存的自然环境中发生的特殊现象,它们的发生往往会危害到国民经济发展和人民群众的生命财产安全,甚至导致社会秩序混乱。重大自然灾害是难以预测、破坏力更强、影响波及范围更广的自然灾害,一旦发生将会对正常的社会生产生活秩序造成重大影响,且会造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。我国是世界上自然灾害类型最多、发生最频繁、灾害损失最严重的少数几个国家之一,每年因灾害造成的经济损失占国家当年财政收入的比例较大。近几年,应急物资保障体系在我国初步建成,而应急物资分配问题也得到一定程度的重视。应急物资分配优化是救灾工作的关键环节,物资能否高效、快速地配送到灾区需求点关系到救灾工作是否能顺利开展。因此本文基于重大自然灾害的应急物资分配优化研究有着重要的理论和应用意义。本文首先对国内外研究现状进行了综述,运用管理运筹学的相关理论和方法,以重大自然灾害成因、特点等为基础,以灾害发生后应急物资需求与供应特征分析为研究前提,将重大自然灾害救援工作中的应急物资分配问题作为主要研究对象,根据强时效性和公益性的原则,首先考虑应急物资运输车辆运力限制、路网动态变化等情况建立应急物资动态分配模型,其次考虑灾害中可能遭受损坏的路网的修复问题纳入应急物资分配的统一优化决策当中,即在应急物资分配过程中考虑将一部分应急物资用于路网中损毁路段的修复中,建立应急物资分配双层规划模型。最后根据算法设置的步骤求解,运用计算机仿真软件对算例进行分析,得到最优的物资分配方案,并给出应急物资分配优化问题的方法。我国应急管理水平与美国、日本等发达国家仍有一定差距,应急物资分配工作仍以经验决策为主,本文的研究将有助于提高应急物资分配问题的科学决策水平,为灾害救援机构的决策者提供决策依据。
[Abstract]:Natural disasters are a special phenomenon occurring in the natural environment of human existence. Their occurrence often endangers the development of the national economy and the safety of the people's lives and property, and even leads to the chaos of the social order. The major natural disaster is a kind of natural disaster which is difficult to predict, has more destructive power, and affects a wider range. Once it occurs, it will have a significant impact on the normal social order of production and life, and will cause heavy casualties and property losses. China is one of the few countries with the most natural disasters, the most frequent occurrence and the most serious disaster losses in the world. The economic losses caused by disasters account for a large proportion of the national financial revenue in that year. In recent years, the emergency material support system has been initially established in China, and the problem of emergency material distribution has been paid attention to a certain extent. The distribution optimization of emergency materials is a key link in the disaster relief work. Whether the materials can be delivered efficiently and quickly to the demand point of the disaster area is related to whether the relief work can be carried out smoothly. Therefore, the study of emergency material distribution optimization based on major natural disasters has important theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, the current situation of research at home and abroad is first summarized. Based on the relevant theories and methods of management operations research, the causes and characteristics of major natural disasters are taken as the basis, and the analysis of the demand and supply characteristics of emergency materials after disasters is taken as the premise of the research. Taking the distribution of emergency materials in major natural disaster relief work as the main research object, according to the principles of strong timeliness and public welfare, the first consideration is the limitation of the transportation capacity of emergency materials and vehicles. The dynamic distribution model of emergency materials is established under the condition of dynamic change of road network. Secondly, the restoration of road network which may be damaged in disaster is taken into account in the unified optimization decision of emergency material distribution. In the process of emergency material distribution, a part of emergency material is considered to be used in the repair of damaged road sections in the road network, and a bilevel programming model of emergency material distribution is established. Finally, according to the steps of algorithm setting, the computer simulation software is used to analyze the example, and the optimal material distribution scheme is obtained, and the method of emergency material distribution optimization is given. The level of emergency management in China is still far from that of the developed countries such as the United States and Japan, and the distribution of emergency materials is still mainly based on empirical decision making. The research in this paper will help to improve the scientific decision-making level of emergency material distribution. To provide decision-making basis for decision-makers of disaster relief organizations.
【学位授予单位】：西南交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：X43;U492

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