计及用户舒适度的空调负荷参与电力系统频率控制研究

发布时间：2018-07-13 14:26

【摘要】：传统上,电力系统利用发电侧备用资源进行频率的调整,频率的一次调整以及二次调整能够在各个时间尺度上满足电力系统对频率质量的要求。但是随着发电侧结构的变化,特别是核电以及间歇性能源发电比例的提高,发电侧提供备用的能力有所下降。同时,大容量火电机组发电的经济成本以及环境成本日益增长,仅仅依靠发电侧资源进行频率调整已经不足够,发掘负荷侧资源的备用潜力已经日益受到关注。空调负荷作为一种典型的恒温控制负荷与家居负荷,在夏季用电高峰期所占的负荷比例逐年上升,具有提供负荷备用的潜力。同时,由于其内在的热储性能,能够在短时间内调整工作状态而不影响用户的效用,降低自身的功率需求,进而达到调整频率的目的。对于空调负荷,用户的效用主要是热舒适度。论文基于温度与湿度两个影响因素,提出用户热舒适度双层模糊评价模型,在此基础上论文提出空调负荷个体自主响应系统频率信号的控制策略,根据用户的舒适度等级与电力系统频率偏差进行自身设定温度调整。论文设计实验对所提出的用户热舒适度模型以及空调控制策略的有效性进行了验证。尽管个体空调功率需求的降低对于整个电网的功率不平衡状态的影响微乎其微,但是当研究区域内的大量空调负荷进行工作状态的调整,降低负荷集群的聚合功率,将会改善发电功率与负荷功率之间的不平衡,达到抑制电网频率降低的目标。论文在已有空调三阶物理模型的基础上,采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法,对模型参数进行抽样,将研究区域内的空调负荷进行聚合,并将其聚合特性映射到相应的负荷节点上,提出包含空调负荷的,结构保持电网动态模型。由于空调负荷群的聚合功率处于动态变化中,节点电压与注入电流为非线性关系,因此,不能将空调负荷群的聚合特性表达为静态ZIP模型,也无法采用针对感应电动机的动态模型。为了适应空调的聚合特性,论文设计了内层一外双层迭代算法研究电网动态过程,采用内层迭代解决网络方程,外层迭代解决微分一代数方程组,分析空调负荷控制策略对系统频率的影响。在空调负荷控制实现的过程中,由于大量空调负荷的状态信息与数据需要传输与处理,因此对信息的传输能力是考验。论文在计及信息通信技术限制的前提下,提出了空调负荷控制的信息—物理系统(Cyber Physical System, CPS)交互仿真控制策略实现机制。利用OpenDSS作为电力系统的仿真平台,NS-2作为信息通信系统的仿真平台,MATLAB作为控制平台实现两个软件之间的数据沟通与时间同步。论文利用IEEE 13节点配电网模型,通过在CPS仿真平台上进行算例仿真,针对通信技术对负荷控制实现的影响与限制进行了分析。
[Abstract]:Traditionally, the power system makes use of the reserve resources of the generation side to adjust the frequency, and the frequency adjustment and the secondary adjustment can meet the frequency quality requirements of the power system at various time scales. However, with the change of generation side structure, especially the increase of power generation ratio of nuclear power and intermittent energy, the capacity of generating side to provide reserve is decreased. At the same time, the economic cost and environmental cost of power generation of large capacity thermal power units are increasing day by day. It is not enough to rely on the generation side resources to adjust the frequency, and the potential of exploiting the load side resources has been paid more and more attention. Air conditioning load, as a typical constant temperature control load and household load, accounts for an increasing proportion of the load during the summer peak period, which has the potential to provide backup load. At the same time, because of its inherent heat storage performance, it can adjust the working state in a short time without affecting the utility of the user, reduce its own power demand, and then achieve the purpose of adjusting the frequency. For air conditioning load, the user's utility is mainly thermal comfort. Based on two factors, temperature and humidity, a two-layer fuzzy evaluation model of user thermal comfort is put forward, and the control strategy of individual self-responding frequency signal of air conditioning load is put forward in this paper. Adjust the temperature according to the degree of comfort and the frequency deviation of power system. Experiments are designed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed thermal comfort model and air conditioning control strategy. Although the reduction of individual air conditioning power demand has little effect on the power imbalance of the whole power grid, when a large number of air conditioning loads in the study area are adjusted to reduce the aggregate power of the load cluster, The imbalance between generation power and load power will be improved to reduce the frequency of power grid. Based on the existing third order physical model of air conditioning, Monte Carlo simulation method is used to sample the parameters of the model. The air conditioning load in the studied area is aggregated and its aggregation characteristics are mapped to the corresponding load nodes. In this paper, a dynamic model of power grid with air conditioning load is proposed. Because the aggregate power of air conditioning load group is changing dynamically and the nodal voltage and injection current are nonlinear, the aggregation characteristics of air conditioning load group can not be expressed as static ZIP model. Nor can a dynamic model for induction motors be adopted. In order to adapt to the aggregation characteristics of air conditioning, the inner layer and outer layer iterative algorithm is designed to study the dynamic process of power grid. The inner layer iteration is used to solve the network equation, and the outer layer iteration is used to solve the differential generation equations. The influence of air conditioning load control strategy on system frequency is analyzed. In the process of realization of air conditioning load control, because a large number of air conditioning load state information and data need to be transmitted and processed, so the transmission ability of information is tested. In this paper, considering the limitation of information and communication technology, the realization mechanism of interactive simulation control strategy for air conditioning load control based on Cyber physical system (CPS) is proposed. OpenDSS is used as the simulation platform of power system, and MATLAB is used as the control platform to realize the data communication and time synchronization between the two software. Based on the IEEE 13-bus distribution network model, the paper analyzes the influence and limitation of communication technology on the realization of load control through the example simulation on CPS simulation platform.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TM761.2

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