北方荒漠区太阳能热发电环境效应分析

发布时间：2019-06-05 15:26

【摘要】：我国太阳能辐射的高值区域主要分布在甘肃、青海和内蒙古等干旱半干旱的荒漠化地区,国家首批太阳能热发电示范项目80%也集中于上述地区。太阳能热发电作为新兴的清洁能源发电技术极具发展前景,节能减排效益显著,但是太阳能热发电系统在其生命周期内的资源能源消耗和环境排放情况有待评估,因此,本文以全生命周期评价的视角,对北方荒漠区太阳能热发电的环境效应进行了系统评估。本文以北方荒漠区的某50MW槽式太阳能热发电站为研究对象,根据该太阳能热发电站的实际情况,对其生命周期内的主要阶段进行了划分,通过太阳能热发电生命周期评价体系的运用,以实例论证了太阳能热发电技术在北方荒漠区具有显著的节能减排效益:以300MW的燃煤火力发电厂作为对照,测算出该北方荒漠区的50MW槽式太阳能热发电站,在生命周期(20年)内,累计可发出2320.54GWh无任何排放的清洁电力,同时可节省燃煤927875.25吨标煤,二氧化碳的减排量达233.85万吨,二氧化硫的减排量达1.91万吨,氮氧化物的减排量达1.19万吨,一氧化碳的减排量达264.39吨,粉尘的减排量达4.64万吨,共为当地创造环境价值约5.84亿元。通过筛选识别了太阳能热发电站生命周期内能源和环境效应较大的阶段,同燃煤火电、光伏、风电三种主流发电技术的环境效应进行了比较,在综合考虑不同交通运输距离和太阳辐射强度对系统环境效应的影响下,进行了太阳能热发电站建设选址的择优分析。分析结果表明,反射镜支架的生产制造过程是造成太阳能热发电系统能源消耗和环境影响的重要环节,该阶段可作为未来太阳能热发电产业工艺改进和节能优化的重点。太阳能热发电能源和环境效应远低于传统燃煤火电,假设用太阳能热发电替代2015年中国的火力发电装机容量,将减少大量的煤炭消耗(2.13×109吨标煤),同时对环境的改善效果明显。与风力发电和光伏发电对比,太阳能热发电具有输出电力稳定、可采用物理储能技术和可灵活参与电力调峰的优势,可以有效缓解"弃风弃光"问题。另外,对于太阳能热发电的发电成本高于风力发电和光伏发电的劣势,随着国产装备制造工艺技术的成熟,相关行业经验的日渐丰富,其发电成本将逐步降低,可以预见,在不久的将来太阳能热发电将成为一种廉价、清洁而且极具竞争力的能源技术。最后,相较于太阳辐射强度,交通运输距离对环境效应的影响程度微乎其微。综合分析得出,太阳辐射富集地区如内蒙古西部、青海东北部和甘肃西部等荒漠化地区可以作为建设选址的最佳区域。
[Abstract]:The high value areas of solar radiation in China are mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid desertification areas such as Gansu, Qinghai and Inner Mongolia, and 80% of the first national solar thermal power demonstration projects are also concentrated in the above areas. Solar thermal power generation, as a new clean energy power generation technology, has a great development prospect, and the benefit of energy saving and emission reduction is remarkable. However, the resource energy consumption and environmental emissions of solar thermal power generation system in its life cycle need to be evaluated. In this paper, the environmental effects of solar thermal power generation in northern desert areas are systematically evaluated from the perspective of life cycle assessment. In this paper, a 50MW trough solar thermal power station in the northern desert area is taken as the research object. According to the actual situation of the solar thermal power station, the main stages in its life cycle are divided. Through the application of solar thermal power generation life cycle evaluation system, this paper demonstrates that solar thermal power generation technology has significant energy saving and emission reduction benefits in the northern desert area with examples: compared with 300MW coal-fired thermal power plant, It is estimated that the 50MW trough solar thermal power station in the northern desert area can emit clean power without any emissions of 2320.54GWh in the life cycle (20 years), and save 927875.25 tons of coal standard coal. The emission reduction of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and dust is 2.3385 million tons, 19100 tons, 11900 tons, 264.39 tons and 46400 tons, respectively. A total of about 584 million yuan was created for the local environment. Through screening and identifying the stage of large energy and environmental effects in the life cycle of solar thermal power station, the environmental effects of three mainstream power generation technologies, coal-fired thermal power station, photovoltaic power and wind power, are compared. Considering the influence of different transportation distance and solar radiation intensity on the environmental effect of the system, the optimal site selection analysis of solar thermal power station construction is carried out. The analysis results show that the manufacturing process of mirror support is an important part of energy consumption and environmental impact of solar thermal power generation system, and this stage can be used as the focus of process improvement and energy saving optimization of solar thermal power generation industry in the future. The energy and environmental effects of solar thermal power generation are much lower than those of traditional coal-fired thermal power generation. Assuming that solar thermal power generation replaces the installed capacity of thermal power generation in China in 2015, it will reduce a large amount of coal consumption (2.13 脳 109 tons of standard coal). At the same time, the improvement effect of the environment is obvious. Compared with wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation, solar thermal power generation has the advantages of stable output power, physical energy storage technology and flexible participation in power peak shaving, which can effectively alleviate the problem of "abandoning wind and abandoning light". In addition, the cost of solar thermal power generation is higher than that of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation. With the maturity of domestic equipment manufacturing technology and the increasing experience of related industries, the power generation cost will be gradually reduced, which can be predicted. Solar thermal power generation will become a cheap, clean and competitive energy technology in the near future. Finally, compared with the solar radiation intensity, the transportation distance has little effect on the environmental effect. The comprehensive analysis shows that the desertification areas such as western Inner Mongolia, northeast Qinghai and western Gansu can be used as the best construction sites.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TM615

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