核电站核事故预防机制研究

发布时间：2019-03-21 07:08

【摘要】：1984年开始我国开始建设核电,经过29年的发展,我国核电发展取得了较大的成绩,已经有15台核电机组被建成并投运,使装机容量达到了1250万千瓦。为促使核电事业进一步发展,发改委编制了《核电中长期发展规划(2005-2020年)》,并得到了国务院的大力支持与批准,按照规划,预计中国核电运行于2020年可达到4千万千瓦的总装机容量,同时可建成1800万千瓦的在建装机容量。但是日本福岛核事故、美国三哩岛核事故以及前苏联切尔诺贝利核事故也给我们带来警示,随着核能事业的发展,核事故预防机制的建立和完善显得越来越重要。核事故预防机制,是一种为了从根本上杜绝辐射事故或核事故而采取的不同于正常工作程序或正常秩序的紧急行动。核事故预防机制能够事前研究预测核事故,采取相应的措施尽量避免事故发生。基本步骤是：采用先进技术,建立模型,依据事故的轻重缓急建立评估标准,使用一些步骤方法,分门别类的处理,预防危机的发展恶化。我国核电站核事故预防机制还不成熟,在我国大力发展核电事业的大环境下,怎样杜绝核事故的发生已经成为当务之急,核事故预防机制的建立日渐紧迫。本文通过综合分析三哩岛核事故、切尔诺贝利核事故、福岛核事故发生的原因以及对完善我国核事故预防机制的启示,从公共危机管理的角度概述了我国核事故预防机制的现状,并指出我国核事故预防机制存在的问题。随后通过文献调查、统计找出了造成我国核事故预防机制不健全的种种因素,针对性地提出了完善我国核事故预防机制的对策。调查统计后发现我国核事故预防机制存在法制体系不完整、运营机制不健全、组织监督不到位、监管队伍规模与能力不足、信息监管能力与公众参与不够、公众核事故预防意识薄弱等问题。我国核事故预防机制不健全主要是由制度性、管理性及社会性等三方面因素引起的。最后提出建议,应当采取如下措施来完善我国核事故预防机制：借鉴法国、美国、韩国等国核事故预防经验；建立健全核事故预防的法律机制；完善核电站运营机制；充分发挥组织监督作用；加强核事故预防应急体系建设及队伍建设；加强公众信息沟通机制,提高公众的核事故预防意识等。
[Abstract]:China began to build nuclear power in 1984. After 29 years of development, the development of nuclear power in China has made great achievements. Fifteen nuclear power units have been built and put into operation, making the installed capacity reach 12.5 million kilowatts. In order to promote the further development of the nuclear power industry, the Development and Reform Commission has drawn up the medium-and long-term Development Plan for Nuclear Power (2005-2020), and has been strongly supported and approved by the State Council, in accordance with the plan, China's nuclear power plant is expected to reach a total installed capacity of 40 million kilowatts by 2020 and 18 million kilowatts of installed capacity. However, the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, the three Mile Island nuclear accident in the United States and the Chernobyl nuclear accident in the former Soviet Union have also brought us a warning. With the development of nuclear energy, the establishment and perfection of the nuclear accident prevention mechanism is becoming more and more important. Nuclear accident prevention mechanism is a kind of emergency action which is different from normal working procedure or normal order in order to eliminate radiation accident or nuclear accident fundamentally. The preventive mechanism of nuclear accidents can study and predict nuclear accidents in advance, and take corresponding measures to avoid accidents as far as possible. The basic steps are to adopt advanced technology, establish models, establish evaluation criteria according to the priorities of accidents, use some steps and methods, sort out different types of treatment, and prevent the development and deterioration of the crisis. The prevention mechanism of nuclear accident in our country is not mature. Under the environment of developing nuclear power industry in our country, how to prevent the occurrence of nuclear accident has become an urgent task, and the establishment of nuclear accident prevention mechanism is becoming more and more urgent. Through a comprehensive analysis of the causes of the three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Chernobyl nuclear accident and the Fukushima nuclear accident, and the enlightenment to the improvement of the prevention mechanism of the nuclear accident in China, This paper summarizes the present situation of the nuclear accident prevention mechanism in China from the perspective of public crisis management, and points out the problems existing in the nuclear accident prevention mechanism in China. Then, through the literature investigation, the author finds out all kinds of factors that cause the nuclear accident prevention mechanism of our country to be imperfect, and puts forward the countermeasures to perfect the nuclear accident prevention mechanism of our country. After investigation and statistics, it is found that the legal system of nuclear accident prevention mechanism in China is incomplete, the operation mechanism is not perfect, the organization and supervision is not in place, the scale and ability of supervision team is insufficient, the ability of information supervision and public participation is not enough. Public awareness of nuclear accident prevention is weak and so on. The imperfect preventive mechanism of nuclear accident in China is mainly caused by three factors, such as system, management and sociality. Finally, it is suggested that the following measures should be taken to improve the prevention mechanism of nuclear accidents in China: drawing lessons from the experience of nuclear accident prevention in France, the United States and South Korea; establishing and perfecting the legal mechanism of nuclear accident prevention; perfecting the operation mechanism of nuclear power plants; We should give full play to the role of organization and supervision, strengthen the construction of the emergency system and contingent of nuclear accident prevention, strengthen the mechanism of public information communication, and improve the public awareness of nuclear accident prevention.
【学位授予单位】：湖南农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TM623.8

【相似文献】