中国海相碳酸盐岩的分布及油气地质基础问题

发布时间：2018-03-15 06:23

本文选题：叠合盆地　切入点：海相碳酸盐岩　出处：《岩石学报》2017年04期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：中国海相碳酸盐岩在陆上与海域广泛分布,尤以陆上最具特色。中国大陆由小克拉通地块、微地块及其间的造山带镶嵌构成,发育于这些克拉通上的海相古生代盆地规模小、盆内分异明显、盆缘改造强烈,受中新生代巨厚沉积物覆盖,海相碳酸盐岩埋深大、热演化程度高,储集层非均质性强,油气成藏与分布复杂。自威远、靖边气田发现以来,尤其是近年塔河、普光、元坝、安岳等大型油气田发现以来,海相碳酸盐岩的油气勘探前景逐渐明朗。长期的勘探实践发现了海相碳酸盐岩发育礁滩体、白云岩、岩溶缝洞体、裂缝带等四类储集体,它们受沉积、成岩与构造演化的共同制约;礁/滩储层、斜坡区岩溶、风化壳岩溶、裂缝带均可大规模成藏。目前,海相碳酸盐岩的深化研究与持续勘探面临一系列重大难题。在基础科学层面,古老生物群落、古生态、古气候与古地理特征及其耦合关系,克拉通盆地的成因与构造-沉积分异机制,原始盆地面貌及其演化过程,沉积充填动力学等研究方面亟待加强;在油气勘探应用层面,在岩相古地理重建、碳酸盐岩台地边缘精细刻画与台地内部结构细化、碳酸盐岩储集层多期叠加改造机理、岩溶储集层成因分类、非均质碳酸盐岩储集层描述和评价技术等研究方面需要不断深入,在源-储配置、油气成藏过程、油气保存与调整再分配,油气富集规律方面需要深入探索。建议整体与动态研究海相碳酸盐岩层系的"成盆-成岩-成储-成藏"的全要素、全过程,厘定古裂陷槽、古台地、古隆起的分布,落实烃源岩、有利储集层(礁滩体、白云岩、顺层与层间岩溶、裂缝带等)的分布及其配置关系,构建符合实际的油气成藏模式,为油气资源潜力评价和有利区带预测奠定基础,促进中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的持续发现。
[Abstract]:Marine carbonate rocks are widely distributed on land and sea in China, especially on land. The Chinese mainland consists of small cratonic blocks, microblocks and orogenic belts, and the marine Paleozoic basins developed on these cratons have a small scale. The basin is divided obviously, the basin margin is reformed strongly, covered by the Meso-Cenozoic thick sediment, the marine carbonate rock is buried deep, the thermal evolution is high, the reservoir heterogeneity is strong, the oil and gas accumulation and distribution are complicated. Since the discovery of Weiyuan and Jingbian gas field, In particular, since the discovery of large oil and gas fields such as Tahe, Puguang, Yuanba and Anyue in recent years, the prospects for oil and gas exploration of marine carbonate rocks have gradually become clear. There are four types of reservoirs in fracture zone, which are restricted by sedimentation, diagenesis and tectonic evolution, reef / beach reservoir, slope karst, weathered crust karst, fracture zone can be formed on a large scale. In basic science, ancient biota, paleoecology, paleoclimate and paleogeographic characteristics and their coupling relations are faced with a series of important problems in the further study and continuous exploration of marine carbonate rocks. The genesis and tectonic-sedimentary differentiation mechanism of the craton basin, the features and evolution of the original basin, the dynamics of sedimentary filling and so on need to be strengthened, and the reconstruction of lithofacies and paleogeography in the application level of oil and gas exploration, and the reconstruction of lithofacies and palaeogeography, The fine delineation of carbonate platform margin and the refinement of platform internal structure, the mechanism of multi-stage superposition and reconstruction of carbonate reservoir, the genetic classification of karst reservoir, the description and evaluation technology of heterogeneous carbonate reservoir need to be further studied. In the aspects of source-reservoir configuration, oil and gas accumulation process, oil and gas preservation and adjustment redistribution, oil and gas enrichment law, it is suggested that the whole and dynamic study on the whole and dynamic study of the whole elements of marine carbonate formation "basin-diagenesis, reservoir forming and reservoir forming" should be carried out. In the whole process, the distribution and distribution of paleo-rift trough, paleoplatform, paleouplift, source rock, favorable reservoir (reef beach body, dolomite, bedding and interlayer karst, fracture zone, etc.) and their disposition relations are determined. The establishment of oil and gas accumulation model in accordance with the actual conditions lays the foundation for the potential evaluation of oil and gas resources and the prediction of favorable zones and promotes the continuous discovery of hydrocarbon exploration in marine carbonate rocks in China.
【作者单位】：中国石油化工集团;中国地质大学能源学院;北京大学地球与空间科学学院;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金重点项目(41430316、40739906)资助
【分类号】：P588.245;P618.13

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