青藏高原东部碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体型REE矿床成矿模式——以大陆槽REE矿床为例

发布时间：2018-05-11 08:05

  本文选题：大陆槽矿床 + 碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体　； 参考：《岩石学报》2017年07期

【摘要】：冕宁-德昌稀土(REE)矿带位于青藏高原东部,受川西一系列走滑断裂控制,大陆槽矿床是矿带中唯一位于南部的大型REE矿床。在前人研究基础上,结合近年来对整个稀土矿带地质填图和室内研究,重点对大陆槽矿床的成矿特征、赋矿围岩及其蚀变、矿石类型、成矿流体来源和流体包裹体演化等方面与同一矿带内的其它矿床进行了详细对比,进一步总结了碳酸岩型(含碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体)REE矿床的成矿过程。大陆槽矿床的No.1号和No.3号矿体均位于碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体内,分别由不同隐爆角砾岩筒所控制。以往研究认为两个矿体的碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体侵位的年龄都在12Ma左右,本次研究发现在26.49±0.63Ma已经存在碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体岩浆活动。大陆槽REE矿床受隐爆角砾岩构造活动和风化作用的影响,矿石类型以角砾岩型和风化型为主,脉石矿物和矿石矿物在手标本尺度和镜下很难辨认。通过野外观察、镜下矿物共生组合、包裹体显微测温等研究发现,大陆槽矿化过程和牦牛坪矿床相似,只是矿化规模较小,矿化阶段分为岩浆岩阶段-伟晶岩阶段(600℃)-高温热液阶段(450~350℃)-低温热液阶段(350℃),氟碳铈矿形成于热液阶段的晚期。根据伟晶岩阶段至热液阶段氟碳铈矿中流体包裹体的特征,发现多期次隐爆角砾活动导致大气降水和碳酸岩中脱出的CO_2的加入,使得成矿流体的密度(0.732~0.631g/cm~3)、压力(2436~101bar)逐渐降低,直至成矿。此外,岩相学观察和拉曼测试分析也表明包裹体从熔融包裹体过渡到含重晶石、萤石、天青石子晶的富CO_2包裹体、气液两相包裹体,显示了成矿流体由岩浆至热液的转化过程。大陆槽矿床中的包裹体阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,气体以CO_2为主,成矿流体中阳离子主要为K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Sr~(2+)、Ba~(2+)和稀土元素阳离子,表明流体属于SO_4~(2-)-CO_2-H_2O体系,与矿带中其它矿床的成矿流体体系一致。成矿流体的主要成分是岩浆水、大气水和碳酸岩脱碳作用形成的CO_2,后者导致热液方解石和氟碳铈矿的O同位素(氟碳铈矿和方解石:δ~(18)O=5.8‰~12.5‰)值升高。已有研究显示矿带中不同矿床的脉石矿物如重晶石、天青石的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素与碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体的相关数值基本一致,表明这些脉石矿物来源于碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体。多期次隐爆角砾岩化作用及大陆槽断裂相关的构造活动促进了成矿流体的循环,直接或间接导致了大陆槽隐爆角砾岩型和风化型矿石的形成。尽管在大陆槽和牦牛坪矿床可以识别出表生氧化阶段,但这一过程并不伴随稀土矿化,热液阶段才是稀土沉淀的主要阶段。研究还强调了碳酸岩发育的大陆槽No.3矿体和里庄矿床主要出现的霓长岩化与矿化无关,而牦牛坪矿床地表并无霓长岩化蚀变。在以往和本次研究的基础上,建立了川西碳酸岩-正长岩型稀土矿床的成矿模式。
[Abstract]:The Mianning Dechang REE) ore belt is located in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and controlled by a series of strike-slip faults in western Sichuan. The continental trough deposit is the only large REE deposit in the southern part of the ore belt. On the basis of previous studies, combined with geological mapping and laboratory study of the whole rare earth ore belt in recent years, the metallogenic characteristics of continental trough deposits, ore-bearing surrounding rocks and their alteration, ore types are emphasized. The source of ore-forming fluid and the evolution of fluid inclusions are compared in detail with other deposits in the same ore belt, and the metallogenic process of carbonatite type (carbonatite-syenite complex) ore deposit is summarized. The No.1 and No.3 ore bodies of continental trough deposit are both located in carbonatite syenite complex and controlled by different crypto-explosive breccia tubes respectively. Previous studies have shown that the emplacement age of the carbonate syenite complex in the two orebodies is about 12Ma. The magmatic activity of the carbonatite syenite complex has been found in 26.49 卤0.63Ma. The REE deposit in continental trough is affected by the tectonic activity and weathering of cryptoexplosive breccia. The ore types are mainly breccia type and weathering type. The gangue minerals and ore minerals are difficult to identify on hand scale and under microscope. Through field observation, mineral symbiotic assemblage under microscope and microthermometry of inclusions, it is found that the mineralization process of continental trough is similar to that of yak Niuping deposit, but the mineralization scale is relatively small. The mineralization stage is divided into magmatic rock stage, pegmatite stage, 600 鈩，

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