基于GIS的北京地区山洪灾害风险区划研究

发布时间：2018-01-03 19:15

本文关键词：基于GIS的北京地区山洪灾害风险区划研究　出处：《首都师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：我国山洪灾害发生频繁,山洪灾害严重威胁着人们的生命和财产等的安全,是当前防灾减灾中的突出问题。据官方统计,我国每年因山洪灾害对国家和人民生命财产造成的损失约占自然灾害造成的总损失的40%左右。我国山洪灾害的整体特征是灾害影响的范围广、灾害发生频繁、危害巨大、地域差异显著。山洪灾害风险区划就是一种行之有效的变被动抗灾为主动避灾的一项防洪减灾非工程措施。作为防洪减灾体系中重要的组成部分,它对防汛部门进行科学指挥决策,有效避险,对水利部门科学地确定防洪标准和规划防洪工程建设,为城镇建设、土地规划、各个行业生产经营和人民生活等提供防洪减灾、避险等方面的技术指导与服务,有效避免洪涝灾害损失等都具有重要意义。本文在分析北京山区的自然环境背景和人文环境背景的基础上,根据自然灾害系统理论,从致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体三个方面分别选取评价指标,综合考虑到降水、地形、水系以及人口和耕地等因子,建立了北京地区山洪灾害风险区划的指标体系。分别选取地表高程、坡度、河网密度、月平均降雨量、最大24小时及6小时降雨量、地质环境作为危险性指标；选取人口密度、耕地面积百分比、交通路网作为易损性指标。利用AHP法对每个影响因子赋予权重,运用GIS空间分析分别得到了北京山区山洪水灾害危险性分布图及易损性图。通过对北京山区山洪灾害危险性分布图及易损性图在ArcGIS软件中的叠加分析,利用自然断裂法将研究区的风险等级分为低风险、中低风险、中等风险及高风险四个等级,得出研究的风险分布图。最后根据灾害学中风险区划的原则以乡镇为单元进行风险区划,并得到风险区划图。根据区划结果,北京市相关部门可根据各乡镇风险等级的大小及各乡镇的实际情况开展更科学、更有效及更具有针对性的防洪减灾工作,并根据不同乡镇的特定,因地制宜地制定各乡镇的防洪措施。
[Abstract]:Mountain torrents occur frequently in our country, which seriously threaten the safety of people's lives and property. It is a prominent problem in disaster prevention and mitigation, according to official statistics. The loss of life and property caused by mountain torrents every year in China accounts for about 40% of the total losses caused by natural disasters. The overall characteristic of mountain torrents in China is the wide range of disasters. Disasters occur frequently, great harm, significant regional differences. Mountain torrent hazard risk zoning is an effective non-engineering measure of flood control and disaster mitigation, which is an important part of flood control and disaster reduction system. It carries on the scientific command decision to the flood prevention department, effectively avoids the risk, determines the flood control standard and the plan flood control engineering construction scientifically to the water conservancy department, for the town construction, the land plan. It is of great significance to provide technical guidance and service for flood control and disaster reduction and risk avoidance in various industries, such as production and operation and people's daily life, and to effectively avoid the loss of flood and waterlogging disaster. On the basis of analyzing the background of natural environment and human environment in Beijing mountainous area, according to the theory of natural disaster system, this paper selects the evaluation index from three aspects: disaster factors, disaster environment and disaster bearing body. Taking into account the factors of precipitation, topography, water system, population and cultivated land, the index system of flood hazard risk regionalization in Beijing is established. The surface elevation, slope, river network density and monthly average rainfall are selected respectively. Maximum 24 and 6 hours rainfall, geological environment as a hazard index; Choose population density, percentage of cultivated land area, traffic network as vulnerability index. Use AHP method to give weight to each influence factor. The hazard distribution map and vulnerability map of mountain flood disaster in Beijing mountainous area were obtained by using GIS spatial analysis. The superposition of hazard distribution map and vulnerability map of mountain flood disaster in Beijing mountainous area in ArcGIS software. Analysis. By using the natural fracture method, the risk grade of the study area is divided into four grades: low risk, middle risk, middle risk and high risk. Finally, according to the principle of risk regionalization in disaster science, the risk zoning of villages and towns is taken as the unit, and the risk zoning map is obtained. The relevant departments in Beijing can carry out more scientific, more effective and more targeted flood control and disaster reduction work according to the size of each township risk level and the actual situation of each township, and according to the specific situation of different towns. Measures for flood control in various towns and villages should be formulated according to local conditions.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：P426.616;P208

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