中朝俄图们江口跨境湿地时空变化遥感分析

发布时间：2018-04-02 21:54

本文选题：图们江口　切入点：湿地分类　出处：《延边大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：湿地作为地球上水陆共同作用的特殊生态系统,与森林生态系统、海洋生态系统统称为全球三大生态系统。不仅具有调节气候、蓄水分洪、储碳固碳、净化环境等功效,同时也是多种珍稀动植物的栖息地,也被人们为"地球之肾"。然而,近年来,湿地环境遭受到了严重的破坏与污染,人类活动的加剧以及对湿地认识不足是其主要原因。由于研究区受三国共管、交通闭塞、可通达性差等客观条件限制,俄罗斯、朝鲜现场踏勘调查困难,以往的湿地研究方式已阻碍了研究的进一步发展。遥感具有大范围、快速、同步等优势,是开展图们江口湿地分类研究和监测的重要手段。本研究以图们江口跨境地区作为研究区,应用覆盖图们江口跨境湿地1980-2015年5期时间序列遥感数据,采用融合地学知识的规则分层分类方法,开展图们江口跨境湿地不同时期的湿地状况监测和湿地变迁情况分析,并开展比对研究。主要得到如下结论:1、融合地学知识的图们江口湿地分层分类思想,引入基于NDWI建立规则分离水域与非水域,基于NDVI建立规则分植被与非植被,运用SVM、神经网络、最大似然分类方法进行植被非植被分类,建立基于面积、阐值等决策参数的决策树分类方法进行水体分类,大大减少了分类工作量,提高了分类精度。分类结果表明,建立的分类方法适合图们江口跨境湿地分类,且分类精度较高。分类方法普遍适用于研究区同时期Landsat系列影像湿地分类应用研究。2、图们江口跨境湿地多年变化分析中,图们江口跨境湿地整体呈现萎缩减少趋势,自然湿地减少幅度比人工湿地减少幅度剧烈,仅1988-1999年间湿地面积稍有缓和恢复。中国敬信镇、朝鲜恩德郡、先锋郡和俄罗斯哈桑镇湿地空间变化明显,朝鲜湿地的时空变化对图们江口跨境湿地整体变化的影响较大。湿地类型中,沼泽湿地面积减少是该时期湿地变化的主要形式,对图们江口跨境湿地变化起到一定影响。同时,水稻田湿地面积的波动增长与水库兴建引起的水库面积增加也使得自然湿地减少而人工湿地增加的局面产生。湿地类型变化过程中,中国境内湿地以坑塘聚集连片形成湖泊,湖泊向水库转化,沼泽、水稻田向林地、旱地转化为主要现象;朝鲜境内湿地以湖泊、河流、沼泽、近海与海岸湿地等自然湿地类型和坑塘、水库、水稻田等人工湿地旱地化、裸地化现象为主;俄罗斯境内湖泊、河流、沼泽等自然湿地主要向草地转化,草地是俄罗斯境内湿地转化的主要流向。图们江口跨境湿地中朝俄景观格局差异明显,破碎化程度上,俄罗斯境内湿地破碎化程度最轻,朝鲜境内湿地次之,中国境内破碎化程度最大。优势度角度上,中国境内湿地优势景观不明显,景观变化呈现沼泽优势下降、水稻田优势上升的趋势,景观呈现均衡变化;朝鲜境内湿地优势景观为湖泊,但受沼泽和水稻田变化影响较大;俄罗斯境内湿地湖泊和沼泽是其优势景观类型,占景观面积比例较大。图们江口跨境湿地斑块占景观面积比例差异变化,且在面积上分布不均是造成中国境内景观均匀度比朝鲜、俄罗斯境内湿地景观均衡的主要原因。3、图们江口跨境湿地变化是自然驱动因素与人文驱动因素综合影响的结果。从长时间尺度来看,受区域海洋性气候影响及地形西高东低的特点影响,形成了图们江口跨境湿地多分布于沿海地势较低区域,主要为俄罗斯境内、中国敬信镇及朝鲜湖泊周边的特点。而从短时间尺度分析,人文驱动因素无疑是湿地变化的主要驱动因素。受限于朝鲜境内、俄罗斯境内相关人文数据获取困难,已现有数据分析可知,受中朝俄三个国家政策制度不同、经济发展水平不同、人口增长速度不同及兴建水利工程等人文因素的影响,使得中国境内、朝鲜境内、俄罗斯境内湿地呈现不同变化。最后,就本研究所发展的图像分类方法和湿地变化驱动力分析过程,提出了需要进一步开展的研究工作。
[Abstract]:As a special ecological system of wetland interaction on earth land, and forest ecosystem, marine ecological system are called three global ecosystem. Not only has the regulation of climate, water diversion, carbon storage and fixation, environment cleaning effect, but also a variety of rare plant and animal habitats, has also been one of the "kidney of the earth" however, in recent years, the wetland environment suffered serious damage and pollution, the intensification of human activities and the lack of knowledge of wetland is the main reason. Because the study area by the three condominium, blocking traffic, limited accessibility and poor conditions of Russia, North Korea scene investigation difficult, the previous research methods of wetland has hindered the further development of research. Remote sensing has a wide range, fast, synchronization and other advantages, is an important measure in Tumen River estuary wetland classification research and monitoring. This study takes Tumen River estuary area border As the study area, covering the mouth of the Tumen River Wetland 1980-2015 years 5 cross-border time series of remote sensing data, using rule classification method of knowledge integration, to carry out the analysis of Tumen River Estuary Wetland wetland in different periods of cross-border and status monitoring of wetland changes, and carry out comparative research. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, the Tumen River estuary wetland classification thought of knowledge integration, the introduction of NDWI to establish rules of the separation area and non water based on the NDVI rules to establish vegetation and non vegetation, the use of SVM neural network based on the maximum likelihood classification method of non vegetation vegetation classification, based on the area, illustrates the value of decision tree classification method of decision parameters of water classification, greatly to reduce the workload of classification, improve the accuracy of classification. The classification results show that the classification method is established for the Tumen Jiangkou cross-border wetland classification, and has high classification accuracy . the classification method is generally applicable to the classification of application of Landsat series.2 images at the same time wetland study area, analysis of Tumen River estuary wetland changes in the years of cross-border, cross-border wetland shrinking overall Tumen estuary decrease, natural wetland decreased than artificial wetland to reduce the rate of severe, only 1988-1999 years the wetland area has eased slightly. China Jingxin town. North Korea Undok county and the town of Hassan, a pioneer of Russian wetland spatial changes obviously, effect of temporal and spatial variation of North Korea on the overall change in Tumen River Estuary Wetland wetland wetland types. Large cross-border, marsh area reduction is the main form of wetland change in this period, to a certain effect on the change of the Tumen River estuary wetland. At the same time, cross-border growth, fluctuation of water the reservoir was built and paddy wetland area caused by the reservoir area increase also makes the reduction of wetland and artificial wetland increased Bureau surface The changes of wetland types. In the process, Chinese gathered within the wetland ponds to form contiguous lakes, lake reservoir transformation, swamps, rice fields to forest land, dry land into the main phenomenon; North Korea wetland to the lakes, rivers, swamps, coastal waters and coastal wetlands and other natural wetlands and ponds, reservoirs, artificial wetland upland rice fields mainly, the phenomenon of bare land; rivers in Russia, lakes, marshes and other wetlands mainly transformed to grassland, grassland is the main flow into Russian territory. The Tumen River Estuary Wetland wetland landscape pattern between China and Russia cross-border differences, fragmentation, fragmentation of wetland in Russia most light, North of wetland fragmentation. The biggest advantage of domestic China. Point of view, Chinese in wetland landscape is not obvious, the landscape change is marsh rice field advantage drops, rising trend, landscape The concept of a balanced change; the North Lake wetland landscape advantage, but by the marsh and paddy field varies; wetland lakes and swamps in Russia is the dominant landscape types, the proportion of the landscape area is larger. The Tumen River Estuary Wetland patches accounted for changes in the proportion of cross-border landscape area difference, and in the area of landscape is caused by the uneven distribution of the territory China uniformity than North Korea, the main reason of Russia wetland landscape equilibrium.3, changes in Tumen River estuary wetland is the natural driving factors of cross-border and human driving factors. Results from the long time scale, the characteristics of regional climate impact and topography of the East West High low impact, the formation of the Tumen River Estuary Wetland cross-border distribution in the coastal low-lying areas, mainly in Russia, North Korea and the characteristics of Chinese Jingxin town around the lake. The analysis scale in a short time, human driving It is the main driving factors of wetland change factors. Limited to the territory of North Korea, Russia related humanities data acquisition difficulties, existing data analysis, different from Russia and three national policy system, different levels of economic development, population growth and the influence of different construction of water conservancy and other human factors, the China territory, North Korea the territory of Russia, wetland varied. Finally, image classification method and the change of wetland the driving force analysis, put forward to be further studied.

【学位授予单位】：延边大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：P941.7;P237

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