机载激光雷达（LIDAR）的数据处理和山区脊谷特征提取研究

发布时间：2018-08-25 19:52

【摘要】：机载激光雷达（LIDAR）测量技术是从20世纪中后期逐步发展起来的一门高新技术，已广泛应用于地球科学和行星科学等许多领域。它是一种主动式对地观测系统，是激光测距技术、高动态载体姿态测定技术和高精度动态GPS差分定位技术的高度集合，该技术在三维空间信息的实时获取方面产生重大突破，为获取高时空分辨率地球空间信息提供了一种全新的技术手段。机载LIDAR技术的出现为三维空间数据快速采集提供了一种全新的技术手段，但处理这些海量、缺乏拓扑信息表面离散点数据，同时也对计算资源、空间存储等均提出了很高的要求。对点云数据的特征提取方面的研究，可以在数据压缩时，做到保留特征点；在建立DEM时，嵌入特征线，有助于数据压缩和高精度DEM的建立。本文较系统地对机载LIDAR系统及其数据后处理理论与工艺流程进行了探讨，主要研究内容和成果如下： 1、回顾机载LIDAR技术的发展历程和相关研究现状，总结了机载LIDAR技术的特点和主要应用领域。 2、针对LIDAR不同版本标准化数据格式的差异，作了相关比对和论述。 3、在详细分析机载LIDAR粗差的空间分布特征的基础上，将粗差分成极值粗差、粗差簇、孤立点，提出了一种经过阶层式粗差剔除方法，可达到去除粗差的目的。 4、回顾和总结了数据滤波的几种常用方法，基于TerraSolid系列软件,并结合福建遥感院自主开发的LDS信息处理系统，，系统介绍机载LIDAR数据处理的步骤及DEM的生产工艺。 5、特征线对DEM的精度控制很有帮助。通过对微分几何理论的研究，结合局部多项式拟合，尝试提出了一种在山区脊谷特征线提取算法。
[Abstract]:Airborne lidar (LIDAR) measurement technology has been widely used in many fields, such as earth science and planetary science, which has been developed gradually since the middle and late of the 20th century. It is a kind of active earth observation system, which is the height collection of laser ranging technology, high dynamic vehicle attitude determination technology and high precision dynamic GPS differential positioning technology. This technology has made a great breakthrough in the real-time acquisition of three-dimensional spatial information. It provides a new technique for acquiring geospatial information with high spatial and temporal resolution. The emergence of airborne LIDAR technology provides a new technique for fast 3D spatial data acquisition. However, it is necessary to deal with these huge amounts of data, lack of discrete point data on the surface of topological information, and also for computing resources. Space storage and so on all put forward the very high request. The research on feature extraction of point cloud data can preserve feature points while data compression, while embedding feature lines in DEM is helpful to data compression and the establishment of high-precision DEM. In this paper, the theory and technological process of airborne LIDAR system and its data post-processing are systematically discussed. The main research contents and results are as follows: 1. The development history and related research status of airborne LIDAR technology are reviewed. The characteristics and main application fields of airborne LIDAR technology are summarized. 2. Aiming at the difference of standardized data format in different versions of LIDAR, Based on the detailed analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of the gross error of airborne LIDAR, the coarse difference is transformed into extreme gross error, gross error cluster and isolated point, and a hierarchical gross error elimination method is proposed. The purpose of removing gross error can be achieved. 4. Several common methods of data filtering are reviewed and summarized, which are based on TerraSolid software and combined with the LDS information processing system developed by Fujian remote Sensing Institute. This paper systematically introduces the steps of airborne LIDAR data processing and the production process of DEM. 5. The characteristic line is very helpful to the precision control of DEM. By studying the theory of differential geometry and combining with local polynomial fitting, an algorithm for extracting feature lines from mountain ridges and valleys is proposed.
【学位授予单位】：长安大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P208;P237

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