全站仪免置平测量技术及其算法模型研究

发布时间：2018-10-04 19:24

【摘要】：铁路作为国民经济大动脉、国家重要基础设施和大众化交通工具,在我国经济社会发展中具有重要的作用。近十几年来我国铁路快速发展,到2015年,铁路营业里程将达到12万公里。在铁路大规模建设中,如何通过线路的高精度和高稳定性保证列车快速、高效和舒适是十分重要的。测量是保证铁路精度的核心与灵魂。在线路的建设与维护中,几乎所有的测量都离不开全站仪。然而目前全站仪只能在置平工况下进行测量。首先,无论全站仪置平是人工方式还是自动方式,都影响测量效率。其次,全站仪调整范围有限,在自身置平前需要其基础达到一定的水平状态。最后,全站仪置平程度有限,虽然现在全站仪都带水平补偿功能,但其补偿能力有限,置平仍然是影响测量精度的一个重要环节。本文简单介绍了全站仪测量的基本原理,深入分析了全站仪在置平工况下的自由设站及其测量算法模型,以及全站仪测量过程中的主要误差来源,在此基础上首次提出了全站仪免置平测量技术及其算法模型。全站仪免置平测量技术及其算法模型主要包括免置平工况下的自由设站算法和免置平工况下的测量算法,以实现全站仪能在任意姿态下进行测量。本文首先建立了全站仪免置平工况下自由设站的数值模型和几何模型,研究了自由设站数值模型的多解问题,通过对两种模型的分析和比较,最终采用免置平工况下自由设站的几何模型求解全站仪设站点坐标,并通过多余观测量的测量建立平差体系以提高设站点坐标精度。第二,本文建立了全站仪免置平工况下基于旋转角的非线性测量模型和基于方向余弦矩阵的测量模型,通过对两种模型的分析和比较,最终采用了基于方向余弦矩阵的测量模型,并通过多余观测量的测量建立平差体系以提高模型的精度。最后,通过不同环境下的大量实验,验证了全站仪免置平工况下自由设站和测量算法模型的正确性。全站仪免置平测量技术较大程度的提高了全站仪测量的效率和测量自动化程度,在工程应用上具有非凡的意义。同时,此技术和算法模型也可用于铁路建设以外的很多测量系统中,如大桥沉降监测系统,盾构机引导系统等。
[Abstract]:As the artery of national economy, national infrastructure and mass transportation, railway plays an important role in the economic and social development of our country. China's railway has developed rapidly in the past ten years. By 2015, railway mileage will reach 120000 km. In the large-scale construction of railway, it is very important to ensure the speed, efficiency and comfort of the train through the high precision and high stability of the railway line. Surveying is the core and soul of ensuring railway accuracy. In the construction and maintenance of the line, almost all the survey can not be separated from the total station. However, at present, the total station can only be measured under the condition of leveling. First of all, whether the total station leveling is manual or automatic, it affects the measuring efficiency. Secondly, the adjustment range of total station is limited, and its foundation needs to reach a certain level state before leveling itself. Finally, the leveling degree of total station is limited. Although the total station has horizontal compensation function, its compensation ability is limited, and leveling is still an important link that affects the measurement accuracy. In this paper, the basic principle of total station survey is briefly introduced, and the free station setting and measuring algorithm model of total station under leveling condition are deeply analyzed, as well as the main error sources in the total station survey process. On the basis of this, the technique and its algorithm model of total station non-leveling measurement are proposed for the first time. The technique and algorithm model of total station no-leveling survey mainly include the free station setting algorithm under no-leveling condition and the measurement algorithm under no-leveling condition so as to realize that the total station instrument can measure under any attitude. In this paper, the numerical model and geometric model of the free station are established, and the multi-solution problem of the numerical model of the free station is studied. The analysis and comparison of the two models are carried out. Finally, the geometric model of free station setting is used to solve the coordinate of the total station, and the adjustment system is established through the measurement of redundant observations to improve the coordinate accuracy of the station. Secondly, the nonlinear measurement model based on rotation angle and the measurement model based on directional cosine matrix are established in this paper. The two models are analyzed and compared. Finally, the measurement model based on directional cosine matrix is adopted, and the adjustment system is established through the measurement of redundant observations to improve the accuracy of the model. Finally, through a large number of experiments in different environments, the correctness of the free station setting and measuring algorithm model of the total station is verified. The technology of total station without leveling has greatly improved the efficiency and automation of total station survey, which is of great significance in engineering application. At the same time, the technology and algorithm model can also be used in many measurement systems other than railway construction, such as bridge settlement monitoring system, shield machine guidance system and so on.
【学位授予单位】：南昌大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P204;U212.24

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