基于GIS技术的农村生活垃圾收集布点方法研究

发布时间：2018-11-09 12:41

【摘要】：随着农村经济发展和农民生活水平的不断提高,我国农村生活垃圾的产生量也逐年增加,由于农村地区环境管理基础薄弱、居民环境保护意识不高,垃圾随意丢弃现象严重,不但严重影响了农村地区的空气质量与环境美观,而且垃圾中的大量污染物经由地表径流渗入地下或进入水体,对农村周边地表环境产生极大的影响。农村生活垃圾成为农村环境整治中亟需解决的问题。目前,对农村生活垃圾污染防治的科技支撑还很薄弱。一是研究广度和深度不够。二是尚未实现研究成果转化。但近年来GIS技术的兴起和在固体废物管理方面的应用为农村生活垃圾收集布点优化技术的实现成为可能。项目研究建立的农村垃圾收集点布点技术,综合考虑空气污染、噪声污染、废水污染等环境因素对周边居民的影响,合理设置垃圾堆放收集点,提出简单可行的收集布点系统方法,为改变农村周边环境的“脏、乱、差”现状提供有力技术支撑。由于我国农村地区范围广,生活垃圾产量差异大,本文基于对广东、黑龙江和四川等地农村垃圾产生与收集现状的调查研究,分析了上述典型区域农村生活垃圾的产生强度,以及区域差异、能源结构、经济收入等因素对垃圾产量和组分的影响关系,构建了农村生活垃圾收集布点模式的GIS基础数据库。根据农村特点,建立以最短路径来表征经济最优的农村生活垃圾收运路线优化模型；并将农村的人口、垃圾产生量、水体、农田、水源地及道路情况多种因素均考虑入网络数据库中,最后利用Arcgis软件进行垃圾收集优化布点选择,使农村生活垃圾收集布点优化技术方法可以为管理部门对农村地区设立垃圾收集点位提供有效支撑。对典型地区农村垃圾收集点优化结果表明,北方地区垃圾收集点应多设置与村庄开阔地；对于南方经济发达地区农村可结合当地垃圾产量地形等条件可适当增加农村生活垃圾收集点的个数以满足大量的农村生活垃圾堆放；而西部地区农村由于经济不发达,且生活垃圾产生量低应尽量采用程序计算出的最优点,在节省财政投入的同时,达到应有的效果。实际操作表明本方法可以简单直观的显示出优化结果,并有很强的泛用行和可操作性。
[Abstract]:With the development of rural economy and the improvement of farmers' living standard, the amount of rural domestic waste is increasing year by year. Because of the weak foundation of environmental management in rural areas, the awareness of environmental protection of residents is not high, and the phenomenon of random garbage disposal is serious. Not only the air quality and environmental beauty in rural areas are seriously affected, but also a large number of pollutants in garbage seep into the ground or into the water body through surface runoff, which has a great impact on the surface environment around the rural areas. Rural domestic refuse has become an urgent problem in rural environmental improvement. At present, the rural domestic waste pollution prevention and technology support is still very weak. First, the breadth and depth of research is not enough. Second, has not yet realized the transformation of research results. But in recent years, the rise of GIS technology and its application in solid waste management make it possible to realize the optimization technology of collection and distribution of rural domestic refuse. The rural garbage collection site layout technology developed by the project, considering the environmental factors such as air pollution, noise pollution, wastewater pollution and other environmental factors, is reasonable to set up garbage collection points. This paper puts forward a simple and feasible method of collecting and distributing points, which can provide powerful technical support for changing the "dirty, messy and poor" situation of rural surrounding environment. Because of the wide range of rural areas in our country and the large difference in the production of domestic refuse, this paper analyzes the intensity of the generation and collection of rural domestic refuse in the typical areas mentioned above, based on the investigation and study of the current situation of garbage generation and collection in Guangdong, Heilongjiang and Sichuan provinces. Based on the influence of regional differences, energy structure, economic income and other factors on garbage production and composition, the basic GIS database of rural solid waste collection and distribution model was constructed. According to the characteristics of rural areas, the optimal model of rural domestic waste collection and transportation route is established, which is characterized by the shortest path. And the rural population, garbage production, water body, farmland, water source and road conditions are all taken into account in the network database. Finally, the Arcgis software is used to optimize the layout selection of garbage collection. The method of optimizing the distribution of rural domestic refuse collection points can provide effective support for the management department to set up garbage collection points in rural areas. The results of the optimization of rural garbage collection points in typical areas show that the garbage collection sites in northern China should be set up more than the open areas of villages. For the rural areas in the developed areas of southern China, the number of rural solid waste collection points can be appropriately increased in order to meet the needs of a large number of rural domestic waste stowage in combination with the landform of local refuse production. However, due to the undeveloped economy and the low production of domestic waste, the rural areas in the western region should try their best to use the program to calculate the most advantages, which can save the financial investment and achieve the due effect at the same time. The practical operation shows that this method can show the optimization result simply and intuitively, and has strong universal usage and maneuverability.
【学位授予单位】：东北林业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P208;X799.3

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