一种太阳能海水淡化装置的研制

发布时间：2017-12-30 18:17

本文关键词：一种太阳能海水淡化装置的研制　出处：《哈尔滨工业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着全球人口的激增和水体的污染加剧了淡水资源供不应求,太阳能海水淡化是利用光热作用蒸馏海水以去掉矿物质来获得淡水的过程,将太阳能和海水淡化结合起来是一种非常节能和高效的方法和有重要应用前景的技术。太阳辐射主要在海水对预热及蒸发环节起关键作用,然而太阳辐射的密度较低不能和化石燃料相比,所以亟待处理的是淡化装置进口海水温度的提高和流量的精准控制。大多数太阳能海水蒸馏装置都是通过自然对流进行热交换,蒸汽释放的冷凝潜热并不能充分利用,从而使得产水效率低下。为提升太阳能的利用能力,减小海水热惰性,本课题研究了领域内相关装置的缺陷,设计了一种新型的具有主动冷凝功能的晾晒式海水淡化装置,并研制样机,开展实验研究。本文以太阳能海水淡化装置为研究对象,旨在以对比分析和热力学分析为研究视角,通过实验验证理论的方法,力图为太阳能海水淡化领域的研究提供参照。本文在传统的太阳能海水淡化装置的基础上,设计了一种新型的主动式太阳能海水淡化装置,提出了两种实施方案,它继承了传统被动式淡化装置的优点,吸收了主动式淡化装置的精华,在蒸发方式上采用了晾晒的方式,挂晒的结构增大了蒸发面积,内置加速结构增大了蒸发速率,整体上提高了海水淡化的效率。淡化装置本体结构设计的合理性是实现其功能的关键,论文详细地设计了装置的每个部分,包括透明密闭壳体、晾晒式蒸发体、内置冷凝器、供水与喷淋子系统、淡水回收器和余热回收子系统等主体部分。通过建立热力学模型,分析了各个蒸发区和冷凝区的换热方式和换热量,综合辐射、对流和传热三种传热方式以及辐射强度和环境温度,得到了每个节点的海水温度变化和管内外海水温差变化,计算了壁面淡水产量和冷凝区淡水产量变化情况,通过计算确定了总体方案的理论可行性。基于热力学理论的分析,完成了样机的机械加工、装配和设备调试,并开展了典型工况下的实验研究。新型的太阳能海水淡化装置相比于传统的蒸馏装置,增大了蒸发面积,减小了装置的热惰性,提高了装置的单位面积产水量,提高了蒸馏效率,验证了方案的实际可行性。本课题主要在传统淡化装置上改变了蒸发方式、蒸发面积和蒸发速率,可以应用于大规模的太阳能海水淡化基地,也可以单独使用。根据装置的结构特性,可以将风能引进来给装置提供电力,也可以和海洋资源的利用衔接起来。
[Abstract]:With the rapid increase of the global population and the pollution of water body, the supply of fresh water is more than enough. Solar desalination is the process of distilling seawater by photothermal process to remove minerals to get fresh water. The combination of solar energy and seawater desalination is a very energy-saving, efficient and promising technology. Solar radiation plays a key role in seawater preheating and evaporation. Solar radiation, however, is not as dense as fossil fuels. Therefore, it is urgent to deal with the desalination unit inlet seawater temperature and accurate control of the flow rate. Most solar water distillation units are through the natural convection heat exchange. The condensing latent heat released by steam can not be fully utilized, which makes the efficiency of water production low. In order to improve the utilization capacity of solar energy and reduce the thermal inertia of seawater, this paper studies the defects of related devices in the field. A new type of air drying desalination device with active condensation function was designed, and a prototype was developed to carry out experimental research. In this paper, the solar desalination device was taken as the research object. The purpose of this paper is to verify the theory through experiments from the perspective of comparative analysis and thermodynamic analysis. Based on the traditional solar desalination device, a new type of active solar desalination device is designed. It inherits the advantages of the traditional passive desalination device, absorbs the essence of the active desalination device, adopts the way of drying in the evaporation mode, and increases the evaporation area by the structure of hanging the sun. The built-in acceleration structure increases the evaporation rate and improves the efficiency of seawater desalination on the whole. The rationality of the structure design of the desalination device is the key to realize its function. Each part of the device is designed in detail. It includes transparent closed shell, drying evaporator, built-in condenser, water supply and spray subsystem, fresh water collector and waste heat recovery subsystem. The heat transfer modes and heat transfer modes, integrated radiation, convection and heat transfer modes, radiation intensity and ambient temperature are analyzed. The variation of seawater temperature and the difference of seawater temperature inside and outside the pipe are obtained, and the variation of wall fresh water production and fresh water production in condensed area are calculated. The theoretical feasibility of the overall scheme is determined by calculation. Based on the analysis of thermodynamic theory, the machining, assembly and equipment debugging of the prototype are completed. Compared with the traditional distillation unit, the new solar desalination unit increases the evaporation area, reduces the thermal inertia of the unit, and improves the water production per unit area. The distillation efficiency is improved and the practical feasibility of the scheme is verified. The method of evaporation is mainly changed in the traditional desalination unit. The evaporation area and evaporation rate can be applied to the large-scale solar desalination base. According to the structural characteristics of the device, wind energy can be brought in to provide electricity to the device, and can also be connected with the utilization of marine resources.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P747

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