渤海湾环境化学要素变化对浮游植物和底栖动物的影响研究

发布时间：2018-02-17 07:07

本文关键词： 渤海湾环境化学要素浮游植物底栖动物多元分析方法　出处：《四川农业大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：渤海湾位于渤海西部,属于典型的半封闭海湾,由于与外海水体交换能力较弱,进入海湾内的污染物质不易输移和扩散,容易造成污染物的累积。2000年以来,随着环渤海湾地区经济的发展,特别是港口、沿海工业、海洋养殖等产业的高速发展,大量污水排放,导致近岸海域水质不断恶化,富营养化问题严重,赤潮灾害频发,生态环境面临巨大压力。为了解渤海湾环境变化及其对生态系统的影响,以渤海湾水生态系统为研究对象,基于20002012年连续13年的环境监测资料,研究了渤海湾典型环境化学要素变化规律以及浮游底栖生物的多样性,分析了渤海湾水生态系统的变化以及浮游底栖生物对环境化学要素变化的响应特征。2000-2012年水环境重要化学要素的监测结果表明,水体中的无机氮、无机磷、重金属和石油烃均呈现明显的时空分布特征：季节上以丰水期较高；空间上表现为由近岸向外海逐渐降低；年际变化各个要素不尽相同,无机氮呈增加之势,相反无机磷和石油烃呈下降趋势,而重金属则无明显变化规律。对照我国国家海水水质标准发现,2000-2012年中无机氮平均含量有10个年份超过国家Ⅲ类海水水质标准,而无机磷含量仅有1个年份超过国家Ⅲ类海水水质标准,重金属含量只有Pb和Zn在某些年份超过国家Ⅲ类海水水质标准,石油烃含量均低于Ⅲ类海水水质标准。可见无机氮是渤海湾水体中的主要污染物。2000-2011年渤海湾沉积物的重金属和石油烃两种环境化学要素监测结果表明,石油烃在2001-2007年呈下降趋势,而后开始上升；重金属在2001-2005年呈现上升趋势,而后开始下降。空间上除了镉以外,各个重金属和石油烃的空间分布均呈现由近岸向外海降低的趋势。与国家海洋沉积物质量标准相比,渤海湾沉积物中的石油烃和重金属污染水平较低,大多低于国家Ⅰ类标准；利用效应浓度区间中值法(Effects Range Median, ERM)对沉积物中污染物的生态风险进行评估,结果表明,所有年份的ERM值均大于0.10,表明存在潜在的生态风险。生态风险也呈现明显的时空变化,时间上2001-2007年生态风险呈下降趋势(2005年除外),而2007年后又有所上升;空间上呈现由近岸到外海逐渐升高之势。2000-2012年渤海湾浮游植物监测结果表明,渤海湾共有浮游植物7门100种,以硅藻和甲藻为主,平均数量为118×104 cells/m3.浮游植物数量的空间分布为近岸水域高于外海。2000-2002年浮游植物数量呈现增加趋势,而后开始呈现无规律的变化。总体上,2000-2012年浮游植物数量有所下降,与历年同期的数据比较发现,进入21世纪以来,渤海湾的浮游植物数量大幅增长。浮游植物优势种更替明显,不同的种类在不同年份成为优势种；浮游植物多样性在2000-2005年呈上升趋势；2005-2009年呈下降趋势；2009年后又开始上升。2007年采样结果的多元分析结果表明,渤海湾浮游植物受水环境影响显著,春季硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和无机磷对浮游植物影响明显,而夏季氨氮和水温则对浮游植物影响明显。利用抓斗式采泥器采集渤海湾沉积物样品,鉴定其中的底栖动物。结果表明2000-2012年在渤海湾共发现底栖动物9门136种,以软体动物、环节动物和节肢动物为主,平均数量为149ind/m2,数量较高的站位主要分布于近岸水域,特别是河口区域；2000-2005年底栖动物数量呈缓慢下降趋势,2005年后又开始上升。在13年间,先后发现8种优势种,优势度在0.02-0.22之间。渤海湾底栖动物生物多样性指数为1.54-2.87,平均为2.23,相对较低。以2008年为例,采用多元分析方法分析底质环境和水环境对底栖动物的影响,结果表明渤海湾底栖动物不仅受沉积物的影响,也受底层水环境的影响,其中沉积物主要受其中有机质含量的影响,水体底层则受水深、水温、无机氮和盐度等影响较明显。
[Abstract]:Bohai Bay is located in the west of Bohai, which belongs to the typical semi enclosed Bay, and off due to weak water exchange capacity, pollutants in the Gulf is not easy to transport and diffusion of pollutants, easy to cause accumulation of.2000 years, with the development of circular economy in Bohai Bay area, especially in ports, coastal industry, rapid development of marine aquaculture industry the large number of sewage, resulting in deterioration of water quality in coastal waters, serious eutrophication, red tide disasters, the ecological environment is facing tremendous pressure. In order to understand the Bohai bay environment change and its influence on ecological system, the ecological system of Bohai bay water as the research object, environmental monitoring data of 20002012 consecutive years based on 13 years study on the variation law of typical environmental chemical elements in Bohai Bay and the pelagic benthic biodiversity, analyzed the change of water ecosystem in Bohai Bay and planktobenthos on The results of the monitoring of environmental chemical factors change the response characteristics of.2000-2012 water environment important chemical components showed that inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus in water, heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons showed obvious temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of seasonal in high water period is higher; space from near shore to sea gradually decreased; the interannual variation of each factor the same, inorganic nitrogen showed an increasing trend, instead of inorganic phosphorus and petroleum hydrocarbons decreased, while heavy metals had no significant variation. Compared with the national water quality standards in China, 2000-2012 years in average content of inorganic nitrogen for 10 years more than the third class of the national water quality standards, and the inorganic phosphorus content of only 1 the year over the third class of the national water quality standards, the heavy metal content of only Pb and Zn in some years more than the third class of the national water quality standards, the content of petroleum hydrocarbon was lower than that of III class seawater quality standard. See inorganic nitrogen is the main pollutant.2000-2011 in Bohai Bay in the Bohai Bay Sediment Heavy Metals and petroleum hydrocarbons two kinds of environmental chemical factors monitoring results show that petroleum hydrocarbon was decreased in the 2001-2007 year, and then began to rise in 2001-2005 years; heavy metals showed increasing trend, and then began to decline. The spatial distribution of each other except CD. Heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in space showed decreased from coast to offshore trend. Compared with the national standard of marine sediment quality, petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of Bohai Bay and the pollution level of heavy metals were low, mostly below the national class I standard; the effects range median method (Effects Range Median, ERM) to assess the ecological risk of the results showed that the pollutants in sediments, all years ERM values are greater than 0.10, indicates the existence of potential ecological risk. The ecological risk was also seen when Air change time 2001-2007 years ecological risk decreased (except 2005), and in 2007 after rising; space presents from the near shore to the outside sea gradually increased the potential of.2000-2012 in Bohai Bay phytoplankton monitoring results show that the Gulf of Bohai, a total of 7 phyla and 100 species, with diatoms and dinoflagellates, the average number of the distribution of number 118 * 104 cells/m3. higher than that of phytoplankton space for the coastal waters off the coast of.2000-2002 in the amount of phytoplankton increased, and then began to decrease. On the whole, 2000-2012 years the number of phytoplankton decreased, compared with the same period of the calendar year data, since twenty-first Century, the amount of phytoplankton in Bohai Bay phytoplankton species increased significantly. Change significantly, different species in different years become the dominant species; phytoplankton diversity showed an increasing trend in 2000-2005 years; 2005-2009 In a downward trend; multivariate analysis results began to rise again in 2009 after the.2007 sampling results showed that the phytoplankton in Bohai bay water environment has significant influence on spring nitrate, nitrite and effects of inorganic phosphorus on phytoplankton is obvious, and the summer temperature of ammonia nitrogen and phytoplankton significantly affected. Dredge sediment samples collected from Bohai bay the clamshell, identified the benthic animal. The results showed that 2000-2012 years in the Gulf of Bohai found a total of 9 phyla and 136 species of benthic animal, animal and animal links to software, arthropod animal, the average number of 149ind/m2, the number of higher stations are mainly distributed in coastal waters, especially in the estuarine region; benthic animal number is 2000-2005 years a slow downward trend began to rise after 2005. In 13 years, has found 8 species of dominant species, dominance in 0.02-0.22. Bohai Bay benthic animal biodiversity index For 1.54-2.87, the average is 2.23, relatively low. In 2008 as an example, using multivariate analysis method to analysis the sediment environment and water environment on the benthic animal. The results showed that the impact of Bohai Bay benthic animal not only by sediment, is also affected by the bottom of the water environment, the sediment is mainly affected by the content of the organic matter. The water bottom is affected by water depth, water temperature, inorganic nitrogen and salinity effect is obvious.

【学位授予单位】：四川农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X55

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