威海双岛人工鱼礁区大型底栖动物与海藻群落演替特征及其生态作用研究

发布时间：2018-02-28 10:56

  本文关键词： 贝壳礁 丝鳃虫 菲律宾蛤仔 宽身大眼蟹 多元统计分析 人工神经网络 AMBI 生物扰动　出处：《中国海洋大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：贝壳人工鱼礁（简称贝壳礁）充分利用了贝类养殖过程中产生的废弃贝壳，具有经济环保等优点，并对大型底栖动物有较好的聚集作用，然而目前对贝壳礁的生态效果评价多集中于短期效果，所调查的礁区建设时间多在3a以内。为了解贝壳礁的长期效果及其对礁区周围底栖生物群落的影响，本研究通过海上逐月采样和室内实验的方法，研究了威海双岛湾人工贝壳礁区（投礁时间超过6a）大型底栖动物群落的变化规律；评价了贝壳礁区的底栖生态质量；研究了不同温度和盐度条件下，3种大型底栖动物对沉积物颗粒、TN和TOC垂直分布的扰动作用；并分析了双岛湾浅海人工投石礁区大型海藻群落的变化特征。结果如下： 一、贝壳礁区共出现大型无脊椎动物69种，按照投礁时间，贝壳礁内的底栖动物种类分别为24种（短期组，投礁时间1-2a），37种（中期组，投礁时间3-4a）和37种（长期组，投礁时间37种），礁区周围的沉积物（近礁组）中出现35种，均高于未投礁的对照组（13种）。贝壳礁内底栖动物的丰度随投礁时间先增后减，分别为679ind/m2、4354ind/m2和3483ind/m2，近礁组的丰度为1225ind/m2，均高于对照组（400ind/m2）。贝壳礁内底栖动物的生物量随投礁时间延长而递增，分别为780g/m2、9765g/m2和19522g/m2，近礁组的生物量为324.6g/m2，均高于对照组（189.3g/m2）。栖息在贝壳礁内的紫石房蛤和江户布目蛤生物量亦随投礁时间延长不断增加，约占底栖生物总量的15.6%（短期组）、28.0%（中期组）和75.1%（长期组）。根据自组织神经网络（Self-organized map,SOM）的聚类结果，从底栖生物群落组成看，贝壳礁建设的成效期约在3年以上。投礁时间和礁体体积对贝壳礁内底栖动物群落的影响较大。 二、采用M-AMBI指数分析贝壳礁区的底栖生态质量。短期组、中期组和长期组的M-AMBI指数分别为0.80,0.84和0.91，表明贝壳礁区底栖生态环境优良，并随投礁时间的增加，生态质量不断提高。近礁组的M-AMBI为0.94，表明贝壳礁的投放对其周围的底栖动物群落也起到了改善作用。 三、在室内条件下，研究了丝鳃虫Cirriformia tentaculata，菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum和宽身大眼蟹Macrophthalmus dilatatus在不同温度和盐度下对底质的扰动。结果表明，丝鳃虫、菲律宾蛤仔和宽身大眼蟹的最大扰动深度分别为14cm、12cm和14cm。从生物扩散系数的最大值看，扰动作用强弱的顺序依次为：宽身大眼蟹菲律宾蛤仔丝鳃虫。宽身大眼蟹对沉积物中TN和TOC垂直分布的影响高于其它两种动物。温度对3种动物的生物扰动过程均有显著影响，对丝鳃虫的影响较小。盐度对菲律宾蛤仔和宽身大眼蟹的影响显著，对丝鳃虫的影响不显著。 四、采用潜水采样和水下录像方法调查了威海双岛海域人工鱼礁区内礁石上附着的大型海藻，并分析了海藻群落组成与环境因子的关系。夏初（6月）和夏末（8月）2次调查共采集到大型海藻9种，其中红藻门5种、褐藻门和绿藻门各2种。夏末和夏初的海藻群落相似度为20.35%，对相似性贡献最大的5种海藻分别为金膜藻(Chrysymenia wrightii)、日本异管藻(Hterosiphonia japonica)、扁江蓠(Gracilaria textorii)、海黍子(Sargassum muticum)和孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)。夏末的海藻生物量密度(164.99g/m2)高于夏初(243.829g/m2)，但覆盖率由64.53% 91.20%降至52.53% 72.53%(威海圣鲲礁区除外)，绝对优势种由夏初的日本异管藻演替为夏末的金膜藻。根据主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(RDA)结果，影响海藻群落变化的环境因子中，前3位分别为水温、盐度和水底照度。夏末，由于水体透明度较低(2.0m)，光照条件可能成为海藻分布的限制因子。另外，，夏末污损生物的大量出现在一定程度上影响了海藻的覆盖率。
[Abstract]:In order to understand the long - term effects of shell reefs and the effect on the benthic communities around the reef area , the authors studied the variation law of the macrobenthos community in the artificial shellfish reef area ( over 6a ) in the Shuangdao Bay , and studied the disturbance effects of three macrobenthos on the vertical distribution of sediment particles , TN and TOC by sea - by - month sampling and laboratory experiments . The results are as follows : According to self - organizing neural network ( SOM ) , the biomass of benthos in shell reef increased with the time of reef - throwing . The biomass of benthos in the reef area was higher than that of the control group ( 189.3 g / m2 ) . The biomass of benthos in the reef area was higher than that of the control group ( 189.3 g / m2 ) . The benthic ecological quality was analyzed by using the M - AMBI index . The M - AMBI index of the short - term group , the medium - term group and the long - term group was 0.80 , 0.84 and 0.91 respectively , indicating that the benthic ecological environment in the reef area of the shell was excellent , and the ecological quality was improved with the increase of the reef time . The M - AMBI of the reef group was 0.94 , indicating that the launch of the shell reef had also improved the benthos community around it . The effects of salinity on the vertical distribution of TN and TOC in the sediments were higher than those in other two animals . The effects of salinity on the vertical distribution of TN and TOC in the sediments were significantly higher than those in other two animals . Four species of large algae attached to reef in the artificial reef area were investigated by means of underwater sampling and underwater video recording . The relationship between the composition of seaweed communities and the environmental factors was analyzed . Among them , 9 species were collected from the early summer ( June ) and summer ( August ) . The algae communities in summer and early summer were 20 . 35 % , and 5 species with the greatest similarity contribution were Chrysymenia violghtii , Hterocarponia japonica , Gracious textorii , millet muticum and Ulva pertusa . 澶忔湯鐨勬捣钘荤敓鐗╅噺瀵嗗害(164.99g/m2)楂樹簬澶忓垵(243.829g/m2),浣嗚�嗙洊鐜囩�

本文编号：1547003