海洋中微塑料的来源、分布及生态环境影响研究进展

发布时间：2018-03-29 15:52

本文选题：微塑料　切入点：塑料污染　出处：《海洋科学进展》2016年04期

【摘要】：微塑料(粒径5mm的塑料)作为海洋环境中一类新型污染物正受到越来越多的关注。我们从微塑料来源、分布和生态影响等方面总结分析了近年来海洋微塑料研究的进展。结果表明,海洋中的微塑料主要来源于在阳光、风浪和海流等作用下的海上塑料垃圾的分解,陆源塑料垃圾输入、海上船只塑料垃圾的丢弃、水产养殖业漂浮装置的废弃等是海洋中塑料垃圾的主要来源。海洋微塑料分布呈全球化趋势,近岸、大洋、深海和极地都有微塑料的存在,已有研究表明深海是微塑料的主要汇集区。微塑料不但会影响藻类的光合作用,还会影响一些海洋生物的产卵量和繁殖能力,甚至会引起某些海洋生物的营养不良甚至死亡;微塑料自身含有和表面富集的污染物会在水动力作用下影响污染物的全球分布并对海洋生物产生复合毒性影响。为减少海洋塑料垃圾,控制海洋微塑料污染并为污染防治提供支撑,保护海洋环境安全和人类健康,今后的研究方向将主要包括:不同粒径微塑料的快速分离和在线鉴别方法的建立;水动力对微塑料全球迁移变化的影响;微塑料复合毒性对海洋生态环境的污染效应及机制;管理和技术体系以及相关政策法规的制定等。
[Abstract]:As a new class of pollutants in the marine environment, microplastics (plastics with particle size 5mm) are getting more and more attention. The research progress of marine microplastics in recent years is summarized and analyzed in terms of distribution and ecological impact. The results show that the microplastics in the ocean are mainly derived from the decomposition of marine plastic garbage under the action of sunlight, waves and currents. The main sources of plastic garbage in the ocean are the input of land-based plastic garbage, the disposal of plastic garbage from ships at sea, the abandonment of floating devices in aquaculture, etc. The distribution of marine microplastics shows a global trend. There are microplastics in the deep sea and the polar regions, and studies have shown that the deep sea is the main gathering area of microplastics. Microplastics not only affect the photosynthesis of algae, but also affect the spawning capacity and reproduction ability of some marine organisms. It may even cause malnutrition or even death in certain marine organisms; In order to reduce marine plastic waste, microplastics contain and accumulate pollutants on their surfaces that affect the global distribution of pollutants and compound toxic effects on marine organisms under hydrodynamic action. To control marine microplastics pollution and provide support for pollution prevention and control, to protect the safety of marine environment and human health, the future research direction will mainly include: the rapid separation of micro-plastics with different sizes and the establishment of on-line identification method; The influence of hydrodynamics on the global migration of microplastics, the pollution effect and mechanism of microplastic compound toxicity on marine ecological environment, the management and technical system, and the formulation of relevant policies and regulations, etc.
【作者单位】：国家海洋局第一海洋研究所海洋生态中心;青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋药物与生物制品功能实验室;青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室;
【基金】：中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目——海洋环境中微塑料分离鉴定技术及负载污染物特征研究(2016Q02) 国家重点基础研究发展计划——超深渊生物群落及其与关键环境要素的相互作用机制研究(2015CB755904) 泰山学者海外创新人才项目
【分类号】：X55

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