原油和4种溢油分散剂对褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionus plicatili）毒性效应的研究

发布时间：2018-12-07 20:29

【摘要】：近年来,随着我国远洋运输业务和海上原油开展的发展，海洋溢油事故频繁发生,溢油污染已成为危害巨大的一种海洋污染,严重威胁着全球海洋生态环境。目前，溢油分散剂在溢油事故处理中起着至关重要的作用，但是其主要成分表面活性剂和溶剂的大量使用势必会对海洋生物的生长发育产生毒性效应。褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionus plicatilis）作为至今为止唯一大量人工育苗的海产轮虫，其饵料作用非常突出。且褶皱臂尾轮虫在海洋生态系统中以初级消费者的身份占据着重要的作用。本实验以褶皱臂尾轮虫为实验对象，采用概率单位法、生命表法、血球计数法,研究了WP、GM、DL和GZ四种溢油分散剂（以下分别简称1#、2#、3#和4#）、原油水溶液（Water accommodated fraction，以下简称WAF）和原油与四种溢油分散剂水溶液(Dispersant water accommodated fraction，以下简称1#-DWAF、2#-DWAF、3#-DWAF和4#-DWAF)对褶皱臂尾轮虫急性毒性、生活史和摄食这三方面的影响。实验结果表明： 1.原油和四种溢油分散剂对褶皱臂尾轮虫的急性毒性效应：（1）原油对褶皱臂尾轮虫24h急性毒性效应并不明显。（2）原油、四种溢油分散剂及其DWAF对褶皱臂尾轮虫幼体的急性毒性效应均大于成体。（3）溢油分散剂本身对褶皱臂尾轮虫的急性毒性大于其DWAF。、（4）四种溢油分散剂对褶皱臂尾轮虫的24h急性毒性效应大小：4#3#2#1#。 2.原油和四种溢油分散剂对褶皱臂尾轮虫生活史的影响：（1）原油、四种溢油分散剂及其DWAF均对胚胎发育时间无显著影响；四种溢油分散剂、其DWAF对繁殖前期无显著影响，但是原油能显著延长繁殖前期；原油、四种溢油分散剂及其DWAF均会使繁殖期、繁殖后期时间相较于对照组显著缩短。（2）原油、四种溢油分散剂及其DWAF均会显著缩短褶皱臂尾轮虫的平均寿命、总产卵量，其中缩短最明显的是原油组；轮虫的净生殖率（R0）、世代时间（T）、周限增长率(λ)、内禀增长率(rm)均较对照组有显著降低。（3）原油、四种溢油分散剂及其DWAF的亚急性毒性呈现：原油四种溢油分散剂及其DWAF的趋势。 3.原油和四种溢油分散剂对褶皱臂尾轮虫摄食的影响：（1）褶皱臂尾轮虫对两种饵料单胞藻的摄食率均随着胁迫时间的延长和毒物浓度的增加而下降。（2）褶皱臂尾轮虫摄食行为的变化可以作为评价原油、溢油分散剂及溢油分散剂原油混合液较为敏感和快速的指标。（3）选食实验中，，即使在污染物的胁迫下，小球藻仍是褶皱臂尾轮虫较为适宜的饵料。（4）原油对褶皱臂尾轮虫摄食的影响大于四种溢油分散剂及其DWAF；在原油中加入溢油分散剂后，部分分散剂呈现其对褶皱臂尾轮虫摄食影响减弱的趋势。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of ocean transportation and offshore crude oil in China, marine oil spill accidents occur frequently. Oil spill pollution has become a kind of marine pollution, which seriously threatens the global marine ecological environment. At present, oil spill dispersants play an important role in the treatment of oil spill accidents. However, the extensive use of surfactant and solvents, the main components of them, will inevitably produce toxic effects on the growth and development of marine life. (Brachionus plicatilis) is the only marine rotifer that has been artificially bred so far, and its feed function is very prominent. And the rotifer plays an important role as a primary consumer in marine ecosystem. In this experiment, four kinds of oil spill dispersants (WP,GM,DL and GZ) were studied by using probabilistic unit method, life table method and blood cell count method. Crude oil aqueous solution (WAF) and crude oil and four oil spill dispersants (Dispersant water accommodated fraction,) were acute toxic to rotifers, including #-DWAF2 #-DWAF 3#-DWAF and 4#-DWAF. The impact of life history and food intake. The experimental results show that: 1. Acute toxicity of crude oil and four oil spill dispersants to rotifer: (1) the acute toxicity of crude oil to rotifer was not obvious in 24 hours. (2) the acute toxic effects of crude oil, four oil spill dispersants and their DWAF on the larvae of rotifer brachionus fold were higher than those of adults. (3) the acute toxicity of oil spill dispersant to rotifer DWAF., (4) was greater than that of DWAF., (4). The acute toxicity of oil spill dispersant to rotifer was greater than that of DWAF., (4) in 24 hours: 4 #3 #2 #1 #1. 2. Effects of crude oil and four oil spill dispersants on the life cycle of rotifer: (1) crude oil, four dispersants and their DWAF had no significant effect on the embryonic development time; The DWAF of four oil spill dispersants had no significant effect on the Prophase of reproduction, but the crude oil could significantly prolong the Prophase of reproduction, while crude oil, four dispersants of oil spill and their DWAF could significantly shorten the reproductive period, and the later period of reproduction was significantly shorter than that of the control group. (2) crude oil, four kinds of oil dispersants and their DWAF can significantly shorten the average life span and total spawning amount of rotifer, among which the most obvious shortening is the crude oil group; The net reproductive rate (R0) of rotifer, the growth rate of (T), week limit (位) and intrinsic growth rate (rm) of rotifer were all significantly lower than those of control group. (3) the subacute toxicity of crude oil, four oil spill dispersants and their DWAF: the trend of four oil spill dispersants and their DWAF. 3. The effects of crude oil and four oil spill dispersants on the feeding of rotifers: (1) the feeding rate of rotifer on both diets decreased with the prolongation of stress time and the increase of toxic concentration. (2) the change of feeding behavior of rotifer can be used as a sensitive and rapid index to evaluate crude oil, oil spill dispersant and oil spill dispersant crude oil mixture. (3) Chlorella vulgaris was the most suitable diet for rotifer, even under the stress of pollutants. (4) the effect of crude oil on feeding of rotifer brachionus fold was greater than that of four oil spill dispersants and their DWAF; in crude oil, and some dispersants showed a tendency of weakening their feeding effects on rotifers.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X171.5;X55

【参考文献】