机械产品研发项目的进度计划管理研究

发布时间：2018-04-14 00:07

本文选题：研发项目进度计划 + 工作分解结构　；参考：《山东大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：全球化竞争的日益加剧对机械制造企业的产品研发效率提出了越来越高的要求,如何缩短产品研发的项目周期,加快新产品的上市时间,成为企业亟待解决的难题。目前企业中大约有70%的研发项目不能按时完成,使新产品无法按预定计划上市,错失了新产品在市场中的先机。导致此问题的根本原因之一是在产品研发项目管理的过程中,项目的进度计划通常由项目管理人员凭经验制定,任务分解的主观性强,任务间的耦合迭代被忽视,使任务的逻辑顺序、任务的工时估算等不准确,导致在实际执行过程中出现设计任务过度迭代、资源冲突、任务拖期等问题,计划的可执行性差,最终导致项目拖期。在机械制造企业中75%的设计活动是基于实例的设计,也就是说,多数产品研发项目是基于变型设计开展的。对基于变型设计的产品研发项目,在其开展之前,为进度计划的制定提供依据的产品的研发过程、产品结构的基本构成、零部件设计的技能需求等信息是已知的。因此,本文重点研究基于产品研发过程、产品结构树等数据和信息编制机械产品研发项目进度计划的方法,使进度计划更科学,更符合产品研发实际,提高计划的可执行性。在机械产品研发项目中,产品研发过程、产品结构和交付物是工作分解结构(Work Breakdown Structure, WBS)中任务分解的依据,基于此构建了产品研发的WBS分解模型,提出了具体的研发任务分解过程和研发任务的标识制定规则。根据产品结构树层次性和复杂性的特点,研究了基于产品结构树的零部件研发任务的分解方法,制定了零部件和任务之间的一系列映射规则,构建了映射的数学模型和映射算法的流程,实现了基于产品结构树的WBS自动分解,提高了研发项目任务分解的规范化、准确性和分解效率。为清晰的描述和方便的分析研发项目中任务之间的信息交互关系,结合WBS分层的特点,提出了基于分层设计结构矩阵的建模方法,实现了WBS中任意层次、任意部分研发任务对应设计结构矩阵模型的构建,以及模型随任务的逐层分解不断扩展,降低了模型的构建难度,同时提高了模型的构建效率。在分层设计结构矩阵建模的基础上,重点研究了耦合任务集的规划排序,提出了基于可达矩阵的耦合任务集识别方法,研究了基于聚类分析法的耦合任务合并重组策略,构建了基于数量依赖和信息依赖双次序指标的耦合任务集割裂算法,实现了耦合任务的规划排序。为解决研发项目中的耦合任务贫信息、小样本事件、不确定性的工时预测问题,结合耦合任务集工时的离散型和振荡性等特点提出了基于振幅压缩灰色预测模型的耦合任务集工时预测方法。采用了平滑性算子对振荡序列进行平滑性处理运算,推导构建了振荡序列的离散灰色预测DGM(1,1)模型,建立了耦合任务集工时灰色模拟预测的过程步骤。此工时灰色预测方法有效的减少了耦合任务集工时估算过程中灰因素的影响,提高了工时估算的准确性。在产品研发项目中任务间的时序优先关系是广义优先关系(generalized precedence relations, GPRs),即任务间存在开始-开始、开始-结束、结束-开始、结束-结束四种时序优先关系,且每种时序优先关系包含有最小／最大时滞要求。基于此研究了考虑研发任务间GPRs下的多模式柔性资源受限项目调度问题,分析了广义优先关系条件下任务开始时间对应的时间窗,构建了GPRs下多模式柔性资源受限项目调度问题的数学模型,使用遗传算法对其进行求解,提出了相应的编码和解码方法,确定了项目任务的开始／结束时间、执行模式、资源分配方案,完成了对进度计划的编制,获得了最终可执行的总工期最短的项目进度计划。在前面理论研究的基础上,分析了研发项目进度计划管理的业务流程,扩展了产品全生命周期管理系统的体系架构,开发实现了项目进度计划管理的主要功能模块,并在某企业的海上风力发电机组研发项目中成功实施应用。
[Abstract]:In the process of product R & D project management , about 70 % of R & D projects in enterprises can ' t be completed on time .

In the research and development project of mechanical products , the product R & D process , product structure and deliverables are the basis of task decomposition in the Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS ) . Based on this , the WBS decomposition model of product R & D task is constructed . A series of mapping rules between components and tasks is proposed . Based on the hierarchy and complexity of the product structure tree , a series of mapping rules between components and tasks is developed .

This paper presents a modeling method based on hierarchical design structure matrix for the clear description and convenient analysis and development of the information interaction between tasks in the research and development project . Based on the layered design structure matrix modeling , the construction difficulty of the model is realized , and the construction efficiency of the model is improved . Based on the hierarchical design structure matrix modeling , the coupling task set identification method based on the clustering analysis method is studied , and the coupling task set splitting algorithm based on the quantitative dependence and the information dependency double order index is constructed , and the planning and ordering of the coupling tasks is realized .

In order to solve the problem of coupling task poverty information , small sample event and uncertain working hour forecast in R & D project , a method for predicting the time of coupling task set based on the gray prediction model of amplitude compression is presented in this paper . The smoothing operator is used to perform smoothing processing on the oscillation sequence . The discrete gray prediction DGM ( 1,1 ) model of the oscillation sequence is derived , and the process steps of the coupling task set man - hour grey simulation prediction are derived . This method effectively reduces the influence of the grey factor in the process of coupling task set man - hour estimation , and improves the accuracy of man - hour estimation .

The timing priority relationship among tasks in product R & D project is generalized precedence relations ( GPRS ) , that is , the start - to - end , end - end , end - start , end - end four timing priorities , and each timing priority relationship contains the minimum / maximum time lag requirement . Based on this research , a mathematical model for scheduling problem of multi - mode flexible resource constrained project under the condition of generalized precedence relation is analyzed .

Based on the previous research , the business process of the project schedule management is analyzed , the system architecture of the product lifecycle management system is expanded , the main function modules of the project schedule management are realized , and the application is successfully implemented in the research and development project of offshore wind generating set of an enterprise .

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TH186

【参考文献】