内蒙古典型矿区地面塌陷对植被的影响及植被恢复模式研究

发布时间：2018-02-16 05:49

本文关键词： 植被恢复矿山塌陷区植被恢复模式植被生长状况土壤理化性质内蒙古　出处：《内蒙古农业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本研究根据地域性、塌陷区植被恢复典型性、矿种的不同等因素选取了内蒙古具有代表性的大杨树煤矿、鑫鑫煤矿、白乃庙铜矿、炭窑口硫铁矿四个矿区为调查区域。通过对这四个矿山塌陷区的塌陷情况、植被生长状况的调查分析和土壤样品的实验分析,总结了塌陷对植物种类数量的影响、塌陷对植被的影响以及不同植被恢复模式对土壤理化性质的影响；探讨了植被生长情况与土壤理化性质间的相关关系；并对塌陷区适生植物种筛选和植被恢复结构与配置进行了研究。主要得出如下结论：(1)大杨树煤矿、炭窑口硫铁矿、白乃庙铜矿塌陷区植被为人工恢复的植被,其植物科属种数占对照区比例均高于80%,鑫鑫煤矿塌陷区植被为自然恢复的植被,其植物科属种数占对照区23%以下,因此,矿山塌陷区治理最好采取人工植被恢复的方法,自然恢复方法对植物种类的恢复效果极差。(2)矿山塌陷区乔草恢复模式、草本恢复模式、农田恢复模式下生长的植被生长状况均比对照区差,其中乔草恢复模式相对较好,即塌陷对乔草恢复模式的影响较小;塌陷区不同坡度条件下,坡中生长的乔木各生长指标比坡顶和坡底生长的乔木明显低。(3)乔草恢复模式可以让塌陷区土壤松紧适宜,改善塌陷区土壤通气性。塌陷区土壤有机质含量低于对照区,其中,乔草恢复区有机质含量更接近于对照区。(4)大杨树煤矿塌陷区可以山刺玫(Rosa davurica Pall.)、山杨(Populus davidiana Dode)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)、蒙古蒿(Artimisia mongolica (Fisch.ex Bess.) Nakai)、老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.)作为优势种进行植被恢复。白乃庙铜矿塌陷未稳定,在植被恢复过程当中应以种植沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa P. Smirn.)、沙生冰草(Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.)、羊草(Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.)等草本植被为主,等塌陷情况稳定后再相应的栽植小叶杨(Populus simonii Carr.)、杜松(Juniperus rigida Sieb. et Zucc)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)等木本植物。炭窑口硫铁矿塌陷区可以用甘蒙柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)和黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)等灌木为主来进行植被恢复。
[Abstract]:According to the regional characteristics, the typical vegetation restoration in subsidence area and the different factors of mineral species, the representative coal mines of Dayangshu Coal Mine, Xinxin Coal Mine and Bainaimiao Copper Mine in Inner Mongolia are selected in this study. Four mining areas of Zhanyaokou pyrite are investigated. Through the investigation and analysis of the collapses in the subsidence areas of the four mines, the growth of vegetation and the experimental analysis of soil samples, the effects of collapses on the number of plant species are summarized. The effects of collapse on vegetation and the effects of different vegetation restoration models on soil physical and chemical properties were discussed, and the correlation between vegetation growth and soil physical and chemical properties was discussed. The selection of suitable plant species and the structure and configuration of vegetation restoration in subsided area were studied. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Dayangshu Coal Mine, Chaanyaokou Pyrite Mine, Banaimiao Copper Mine subsidence area vegetation is artificial restoration vegetation. The proportion of plant genera and species in the control area is higher than that in the control area. The vegetation in the subsidence area of Xinxin Coal Mine is natural restored vegetation, and the number of plant families, genera and species is less than 23% in the control area. Therefore, artificial vegetation restoration is the best method for the treatment of mine subsidence area. The restoration effect of natural restoration method on plant species is extremely poor. 2) the restoration pattern of Arbor grass, herbaceous restoration model and farmland restoration model are all worse than that of the control area, among which the restoration model of Arbor grasses is better than that of the control area. That is, collapse has little effect on the restoration model of Arbor grasses, and under different slope conditions, the growth indexes of Arbor growing in the slope are obviously lower than that of Arbor growing on the top and bottom of the slope.) the restoration model of Arbor and Grass can make the soil in the subsidence area more compact and appropriate. The content of soil organic matter in the subsided area is lower than that in the control area, among which, The content of organic matter in the restoration area of Artemisia mongolica is more similar to that in the control area.) the subsidence area of Poplar Coal Mine can be used as the dominant species for vegetation restoration, such as Rosa davurica Pall.Li, Populus davidiana Dodei, Les#number0# za bicolor Turcz.Pu, Artimisia mongolica mongolica Fisch.ex Bess.Nakaiai, Emomus sibiricus L.). The bainaimiao copper mine is unstable, In the process of vegetation restoration, the main vegetation should be planted with Stipa glareosa P. Smirn., Agropyron desertorum Fisch.) Schult., Leymus chinensis Trin.) Tzvel.). The corresponding woody plants, such as Populus simonii Carr., Juniperus rigida Sieb. et Zucc.et Zucc. and Caragana microphylla Lam.) were planted after the collapse was stabilized. In the subsided area of pyrite, Tamarix chinensis Lour. and Artemisia ordosica Krasch. The main purpose is to restore vegetation.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TD88;Q948

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