基于自适应定向扩散滤波的地震异常信息检测

发布时间：2018-05-26 16:17

本文选题：自适应 + 各向异性　；参考：《成都理工大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：地震勘探获取的数据中往往存在大量的噪声,滤波成为地震勘探数据处理的基础和关键因素。由于地质构造运动的作用,地层中断裂发育带的空间分布具有一定的方向性和延展性。利用这一性质,可在压制地震背景噪声干扰的同时有选择性地突出特定方向上的地质异常信息,有利于突出储层的空间分布和内部的精细结构、断层和裂缝系统、褶皱等地震异常特征。大量的研究发现,断层、断裂发育带的波场响应特征与断裂欠发育带存在明显的边界或边缘,因此识别和圈定这些边界,就可以确定断裂发育带的空间分布,断裂发育带的识别就转化为寻找和检测地震波场的边缘或奇异值。本文通过对自适应定向扩散滤波方法的研究,探讨该滤波方法与传统滤波方法的区别。该方法在滤波过程中通过控制滤波方向,突出地质构造中特定方向的异常信息。同时对二维层面曲率属性和三维体曲率属性进行了探讨,通过对比分析,列举了二维层面曲率的优点与缺陷。体曲率属性在计算过程中能充分利用地震数据的空间方位信息,能够反映裂缝排列方向和区域应力之间的关系,获取的曲率属性包含更为丰富的地质信息,其在裂缝型油气藏的勘探、开发和管理中有广阔的应用前景。本文主要的研究内容包括:(1)自适应定向扩散滤波分析方法。自适应定向扩散滤波能对地层信息进行选择性识别,通过控制滤波方向,更好的展示地质构造特征,达到高分辨率构造精细识别的效果。本文首先介绍了经典高斯滤波的方法原理,探讨了该方法的局限性,并在此基础上,推导出各向异性高斯迭代平滑滤波的方法及其实现算法。建立相应的地质模型进行试算,演示该方法的实现过程,证明其可行性,突出该算法相对于经典算法的优越性。实际地震资料的应用表明,各向异性高斯迭代平滑滤波方法相对于传统滤波方法在去噪以及构造识别方面具有更好的效果。(2)曲率属性分析及实际资料应用。在数学上,曲率用于度量曲线的弯曲程度,曲率属性是利用曲率分析方法来计算地质体在空间上的分布特征,描述地质体的几何变化,与地震反射体的弯曲程度相对应,对地质体中岩层的褶皱、断层、弯曲和裂缝等特征反应极为敏感,是寻找地质体构造特征的有效手段。本文介绍了二维层面曲率属性的计算方法,列举了常用曲率属性的用途和特点。随后探讨了二维层面曲率的局限性,在瞬时参数分析的基础上,推导出三维体曲率属性分析方法,通过与二维层面曲率对比,表明三维体曲率获取的地质信息更为准确和全面。利用三维体曲率在计算时能充分利用空间方位信息的优点,在三维体曲率算法的基础上加入方位信息,得到各向异性体曲率属性分析方法。通过对地质模型进行试算和实际地震数据的处理,分析该算法的可行性。为了进一步突出地震数据中的地质构造特定方向上的异常信息,本文将自适应定向扩散滤波与各向异性体曲率属性联合应用,通过对地质模型以及实际地震资料的处理,结果表明本文提出方法可在压制地震噪声背景干扰的同时突出具体方向的地质异常信息。(3)自适应定向扩散滤波的边缘检测。自适应定向扩散滤波方法在压制噪声的同时还能使地质构造中的断层、裂缝等变得光滑且连续。通过改进算法,可将该方法用于图像及地震数据的边缘检测。本文将该方法用于Lena模型的边缘检测,将其边缘检测结果与经典的Robert算子、Prewitt算子和Sobel算子的边缘检测结果进行对比分析。结果表明,不论是在图像大体轮廓还是细节部分的刻画上,该算法较其它三种算法的检测结果都要好,其检测出的边缘保持了更好的连续性,极少出现缺口、毛刺等缺点。在实际地震资料的应用中,该方法对于地质构造特征如断层、裂隙、溶洞、古河道等的边缘检测具有良好的效果。
[Abstract]:There is often a lot of noise in the data obtained by seismic exploration, and filtering has become the foundation and key factor of seismic data processing. Due to the effect of geological tectonic movement, the spatial distribution of the fracture development zone has a certain direction and ductility. It is helpful to highlight the geological anomaly information in the specific direction, which is beneficial to the spatial distribution of the reservoir and the internal fine structure, the fault and fracture system, the fold and other seismic anomaly characteristics. In order to determine the boundary, the spatial distribution of the fracture development zone can be determined. The identification of the fracture development zone is transformed into the edge or the singular value of the seismic wave field. This paper discusses the difference between the filtering method and the traditional filtering method by the study of the adaptive directional diffusion filtering method. The abnormal information in the specific direction of geological structure is highlighted in the direction of the wave. At the same time, the curvature attribute and the three-dimensional body curvature attribute of the two-dimensional layer are discussed. Through the contrast analysis, the advantages and defects of the two-dimensional plane curvature are enumerated. The body curvature property can make full use of the spatial orientation information of the ground seismic data in the calculation process, and can reflect the cracks. The relationship between the orientation and the regional stress, the acquired curvature attribute contains more abundant geological information, and it has a broad application prospect in the exploration, development and management of fractured reservoirs. The main contents of this paper include: (1) adaptive directional diffusion filter analysis method. Adaptive directional diffusion filter can be used for formation information. In this paper, the principle of classical Gauss filtering is introduced and the limitation of the method is discussed. On the basis of this, the method and its implementation of anisotropic Gauss iterative smoothing filter are derived. The corresponding geological model is set up to demonstrate the implementation process of the method and demonstrate its feasibility and highlight the superiority of the algorithm compared with the classical algorithm. The application of the actual seismic data shows that the anisotropic Gauss iterative smoothing filter is better than the traditional filter method in denoising and constructing recognition. (2) curvature attribute analysis and application of actual data. In mathematics, curvature is used to measure the degree of curvature of a curve. The curvature attribute is the use of curvature analysis to calculate the spatial distribution characteristics of geological bodies, describe the geometric changes of the geological bodies, correspond to the curvature of the seismic reflectors, and the folds and faults of the strata in the geological bodies. The characteristic reaction of bending and crack is very sensitive, and it is an effective means to find the characteristics of geological structure. This paper introduces the method of calculating the curvature attribute of two-dimensional layer, enumerates the use and characteristics of the common curvature properties, and then discusses the limitation of the curvature of the two-dimensional layer. On the basis of the instantaneous parameter analysis, it derives the three-dimensional body curvature. By comparing with two-dimensional curvature, the method of sex analysis shows that the geological information obtained by three-dimensional body curvature is more accurate and comprehensive. Using three-dimensional body curvature to make full use of the advantages of spatial orientation information and add azimuth information on the basis of three-dimensional body curvature algorithm, the method of analyzing the curvature attribute of anisotropic body is obtained. In order to further highlight the abnormal information in the specific direction of the geological structure in seismic data, the adaptive directional diffusion filter is combined with the anisotropic body curvature attribute, and the geological model and the actual seismic data are applied to the geological model. The results show that the proposed method can suppress the seismic noise background interference and highlight the specific geological anomaly information. (3) the edge detection of adaptive directional diffusion filtering. The adaptive directional diffusion filter can make the faults and cracks in the geological structure smooth and continuous while the noise is suppressed. This method can be applied to edge detection of image and seismic data. This method is applied to edge detection of Lena model, and its edge detection results are compared with the classical Robert operator, Prewitt operator and the edge detection result of Sobel operator. The results show that it is not on the gross outline or the detail section of the image. In the painting, the algorithm is better than the other three algorithms, and its detected edge keeps better continuity and few defects, such as the gap and burr. In the application of the actual seismic data, the method has good effect on the edge detection of geological structures, such as faults, cracks, karst caves, ancient rivers and so on.
【学位授予单位】：成都理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：P631.443

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