中国粮食生产中化肥过量施用评价及影响因素研究

发布时间：2017-12-27 11:11

本文关键词：中国粮食生产中化肥过量施用评价及影响因素研究　出处：《农业现代化研究》2016年04期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：通过大量施用化肥获得高产是当前中国粮食生产中比较普遍的现象。基于2004-2013年省级农成品成本收益面板数据,对我国三种主要粮食作物生产中的化肥过量施用程度进行测算,并实证分析造成化肥施用过量的原因。结果表明,目前中国粮食生产中的化肥施用量已经超过了其经济意义上的最优施用量,无论是小麦、水稻还是玉米均存在过量施肥的现象;玉米生产中的过量施肥程度平均达到50.74%;小麦和水稻生产中的过量施肥程度相对较轻,分别为27.26%和24.67%。农业劳动力非农转移、自然灾害和上一年粮食价格对农户化肥过量施用具有显著正向影响,当前"咨询与经营相结合"的农技推广体系也在一定程度上导致了农户对化肥的过量施用;而适当扩大粮食种植规模则有助于缓解化肥过量施用。为促进化肥减量施用,除应用技术上的手段外,还应当重视社会经济的调控作用。例如,对当前大规模的农业劳动力非农转移进行适当干预;推进基层农业技术推广机构改革,改变目前"咨询与经营相结合"的农技推广体系;发展农业保险,提高农户的自然风险抵抗能力等。
[Abstract]:It is a common phenomenon in China's grain production to obtain high yield by applying a large amount of chemical fertilizer. Based on the provincial panel data of agricultural products cost and output in 2004-2013 years, we calculated the degree of excessive fertilizer application in three main grain crops production in China, and empirically analyzed the reasons for excessive chemical fertilizer application. The results show that the application of fertilizer China in grain production has exceeded the optimal economic significance on fertilizer, both wheat and rice or corn exists the phenomenon of excessive fertilization; excessive fertilization degree of corn production in an average of 50.74% degrees; excessive fertilization of wheat and rice in the production of relatively light, respectively. 27.26% and 24.67%. Non-agricultural transfer, agricultural labor and natural disasters last year food prices on Farmers' overuse of chemical fertilizer has significant positive effects, the current agricultural technology consulting and business combination "to promote the system to a certain extent, the farmers' excessive application of fertilizer; and appropriate to expand the scale of planting grain would help to alleviate the excessive application of chemical fertilizer. In order to promote the application of chemical fertilizer reduction, in addition to the means of application technology, we should pay attention to the role of social and economic regulation and control. For example, we should appropriately intervene in the current large-scale agricultural labor force's non-agricultural transfer, promote the reform of grassroots Agricultural Technology Extension institutions, change the current agricultural technology extension system combining consultation and operation, develop agricultural insurance, and improve farmers' natural risk resistance ability.
【作者单位】：中国农业大学经济管理学院;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金项目(71273262) 粮食公益性行业科研专项(201513004-2)~~
【分类号】：S143
【正文快照】： 通过大量施用化肥获得高产是当前中国粮食生产中比较普遍的现象。根据国家统计局公布的数据,自上世纪80年代化肥广泛使用以来,我国农用化肥施用量(折纯,下同)已经由1980年的1 269.4万t增加到2013年的5 911.9万t,占世界总用量的35%;每公顷耕地化肥施用量由1980年的127.8 kg增加

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