松嫩平原作物布局对气候变化的响应

发布时间：2018-01-18 03:27

本文关键词：松嫩平原作物布局对气候变化的响应　出处：《东北农业大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自然条件的变化是影响农业生产的关键性因素之一,20世纪以来,全球平均气温升高所带来的环境效应引起了人们的广泛关注。在气候趋暖的大背景下,我国农业生产条件发生了显著改变,原有的作物布局和种植结构难以适应当前的气候环境和农业发展的需要,伴随而来的是农业生产稳定性降低、作物产量波动增大以及农业成本增加等一系列问题。为了适应这一变化,人们愈加关注农业气候的变化对粮食生产的作用和影响,如何积极响应气候变化所带来的负面效应,调整现有的作物布局、种植数量和结构,充分利用气候资源提高作物产量已成为当前农业生产亟待解决的问题松嫩平原研究区位于我国黑龙江省西南部,是省内重要的商品粮基地,同时也是对温度变化反应最为敏感的地区之一。本文以RS和GIS作为主要技术平台和手段,通过采集多时相遥感数据,合成研究区2000年、2006年和2010年三个时间序列的遥感影像,使用N-D Visualizer工具提取作物波谱,并运用波谱角分类方法对研究区内大豆、玉米两类主要粮食作物进行分类识别,分析两种作物近10年来种植布局的变化;以县域为单元,选取作物单位播种面积与研究时段内该地区的温度、热量、降水等气候要素为指标建立作物布局与气候的相关关系,从时间和空间两方面分析作物布局对气候变化的响应,最后根据气候变化趋势对作物布局的调整提出针对性的建议,为种植制度的改进和完善提供科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)2000年至2010年,研究区生长季日平均气温度整体上升了1℃,≥10℃积温整体上升了267℃,生长季日平均气温度、生长季≥10℃积温均表现出由北向南逐渐升高的空间变化;在作物生长季内,降水总体呈波动上升趋势,在空间上自西向东逐渐增加、由北向南逐渐递减,空间分布不均,但有较为显著的分布规律及区域差异。(2)随着气候的整体变暖,大豆、玉米两种主要农作物的种植面积和布局均发生了较大改变。从种植面积来看,这10年内两种作物的种植面积分别增长了近2倍,种植结构在同一区域范围内具有此消彼长的特点;从种植布局来看,研究区作物种植范围逐渐向北推移,其中大豆的种植界线整体向北移动约1.5个纬度,玉米的适种范围扩大,气候变暖对研究区范围内的作物而言,总体向着有利于作物生长的方向发展。(3)根据相关性分析结果,气候变暖对玉米的种植较为有利,随着松嫩平原南部日平均气温度和积温的升高,玉米的主要种植区由原来的南部向西南转移,过高的温度并不适合大豆生长发育,2000年至2010年这10年间,随着气温的显著升高,大豆的主要种植区由松嫩平原中部向北转移,松嫩平原最北端的黑河地区逐渐成为大豆的主要主要种植区。由此可见,随着气候的逐渐变暖,研究区两种主要粮食作物种植范围总体向北推移,且种植面积逐渐增大,然而在现有耕地面积的制约下,作物种植面积在达到一定数量后将无法继续增加,因此通过调整作物布局来提高农业产值,将成为提高耕地利用率的有力手段和方法。
[Abstract]:Natural condition is one of the key factors of agricultural production, since twentieth Century, the global average temperature increase of environmental effect caused by people's attention. In the background of the trend of climate warming, significant changes occurred in China's agricultural production conditions, crop planting structure and layout of the original is difficult to adapt to the need of current climate and agriculture development, accompanied by the decreased stability of agriculture, increasing crop yield and increase the cost of agriculture in a series of problems. In order to adapt to this change, people pay more attention to the change of agricultural climate and impact on food production, how to actively respond to the negative effects of climate change, the adjustment of the existing the crop planting layout, quantity and structure, make full use of climate resources to improve crop production has become the current agricultural production problems to be solved in the tender pine flat The study area is located in the southwest part of Heilongjiang province of China, is an important commodity grain base in the province, but also the response to temperature change is one of the most sensitive areas. This paper takes RS and GIS as the main technology platform and means, through the acquisition of multitemporal remote sensing data of 2000 synthetic research area, remote sensing images in 2006 and 2010 three time sequence, using N-D Visualizer tool to extract crop spectrum, and use in the research area of soybean spectral angle classification method, two kinds of main crops are corn classification, analysis of the changes of two kinds of crop planting layout in recent 10 years; the county as a unit, the temperature, the area of the selected crop sown area and the study period in the heat, correlation between precipitation and climate index for crop establishment layout, layout analysis of crop response to climate change from two aspects of time and space, according to the gas The climate change trend to adjust crop layout suggestions, provide scientific basis for improving and perfecting the system of planting. The results show that: (1) from 2000 to 2010, the study area, the average temperature in the whole growth season has risen 1 degrees Celsius, more than 10 overall accumulated temperature has risen 267 degrees Celsius, the average daily growth season the gas temperature, growing season of more than 10 DEG C temperature showed spatial variation increased gradually from north to South; in the crop growing season, precipitation fluctuated overall upward trend, in the space from the west to the east gradually increased, gradually decreasing from north to south, the uneven spatial distribution, but there are differences in regional distribution and more significant. (2) with the overall climate warming, the main crops of corn soybean, two kinds of planting area and the layout change. From the view of two kinds of crop planting area, the planting area of 10 years respectively, an increase of nearly 2 times, in the planting structure The same region has one characteristic; from planting layout view, the study area of crop planting area is gradually northward, the soybean planting line overall moving northward about 1.5 latitudes, suitable for corn range expansion, climate warming in the study area within the scope of the matter, overall conducive towards crop growth direction development. (3) according to the results of correlation analysis, climate warming on corn planting is more favorable, with the increase in the Songnen Plain of southern daily average air temperature and temperature, the main planting area of Maize by the transfer of the original South South West, high temperature is not suitable for the growth of soybean, the 10 years from 2000 to 2010, with the significant warming, the main planting area of soybean transferred from the central North Songnen Plain of Songnen Plain, the northernmost region of Heihe has gradually become the main soybean planting area thus. With the gradual warming of the climate, the two major grain crops planting area overall study area northward, and the planting area increased gradually, however in the control area of the existing cultivated land, crop planting area after a certain number will not continue to increase, so the adjustment of the layout of crops to increase agricultural output value, will become a powerful means of improving and methods for the utilization of land.

【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S162

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