岔口小流域耕地破碎化现状及其对农户生产技术效率的影响分析

发布时间：2018-02-01 20:29

  本文关键词： 景观指数 耕地破碎化 超越对数随机前沿模型 农户生产技术效率 岔口小流域　出处：《山西农业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：耕地作为农业生产的先决条件和物质基础,其数量与质量对于保障国家粮食安全及维护社会经济持续、稳定发展具有深远意义。耕地破碎化是与耕地规模化相对应的土地利用格局,也是我国传统农业生产中的典型特征之一,它的存在限制了农机化的发展、造成了农业生产技术效率的损失。岔口小流域地处黄土高原丘陵区,水土流失严重,生态环境脆弱,景观破碎化较为普遍,经济发展相对落后,耕地资源是当地农户经济来源最依赖的物质基础,而且流域的农业生产为永和县提供了重要的粮食保障资源,因此探究该流域耕地破碎化、农户生产效率问题具有很强的理论与现实意义。本研究的研究思路为：选取岔口小流域作为研究区,利用SPOT、QuickBird遥感影像,2013年岔口小流域土地利用现状图,农户调查资料等数据,通过ArcGIS、Fragstats软件及多种景观指数对4种耕地类型单元进行了破碎化差异性评价,并阐释了耕地破碎化格局对农户经营行为的影响;通过构建超越对数随机前沿模型及效率函数模型并进行估算,此外从不同地块规模与不同耕地类型的双角度,进一步分析耕地破碎化对农户生产技术效率的影响,得出如下结论：(1)4种耕地类型的破碎化程度的大小排序表现为：沟坝地坡耕地沟川地梯田,与地块的自然破碎化相比,地块的权属破碎化及农户经营上的破碎化表现的更为严重;(2)当前流域耕地的破碎化现状影响着农户水保行为、种植行为、兼业行为,使得农户具体经营行为差异化、区域化明显,造成农业生产效率低、农机化水平低、粮食产量低等诸多问题；(3)本流域所调查农户的耕地平均生产技术效率为75.14%,若消除农户的效率损失,农户在未来农业生产过程中还有24.86%的效率提升额度与挖潜空间；(4)黄土高原丘陵区耕地质量是限制粮食产出的重要原因之一,一味扩大地块规模,将事倍功半,甚至可能会对生态系统平衡造成诸多不利影响。因此流域在经过土地整治扩大地块规模的同时,还应考虑加强农业基础设施的配套完善,注重改良耕地质量,充分挖掘耕地生产潜力来提高粮食产出能力；(5)≤4亩的小地块规模农户平均效率为77.53%,高于其他4个地块规模组,后4个地块规模组农户的平均效率呈现出“倒U型”的趋势；(6)4种耕地利用类型下农户的平均效率大小排序：沟川地(80.69%)沟坝地(79.85%)梯田(72.95%)坡耕地(67.08%)。因此,流域未来应立足于“农田生态系统平衡”的前提下,继续加强土地综合整治和农村基础设施建设,充分挖掘耕地生产潜力,调整农户经营模式,为促进耕地资源的高效集约利用贡献力量。
[Abstract]:As the precondition and material foundation of agricultural production, the quantity and quality of cultivated land are important to ensure national food security and maintain social and economic sustainability. Farmland fragmentation is a land use pattern corresponding to the scale of cultivated land. It is also one of the typical characteristics of traditional agricultural production in China, and its existence limits the development of agricultural mechanization. The small watershed is located in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau, where soil and water loss is serious, ecological environment is fragile, landscape fragmentation is common, and the economic development is relatively backward. Cultivated land resources are the most dependent material basis for local farmers' economic sources, and agricultural production in the basin provides important food security resources for Yonghe County. Therefore, the paper explores the fragmentation of cultivated land in this basin. The problem of farmers' production efficiency is of great theoretical and practical significance. The research idea of this study is to select a small watershed at the fork as the research area and use SPOTO QuickBird remote sensing image. In 2013, the land use status map of Chankou small watershed, survey data of farmers and other data were passed through ArcGIS. Fragstats software and several landscape indices were used to evaluate the fragmentation difference of four cultivated land types, and the influence of farmland fragmentation pattern on farmers' management behavior was explained. By constructing the transcendental logarithmic stochastic frontier model and efficiency function model and estimating, in addition, from different plot size and different cultivated land types of dual angles. Further analysis of the impact of farmland fragmentation on the technical efficiency of farmers, it is concluded that the degree of fragmentation of the four types of cultivated land as follows: gully slope farmland terrace. Compared with the natural fragmentation of land blocks, the ownership fragmentation of land blocks and the fragmentation of farmers' management are more serious. 2) the current situation of farmland fragmentation in the river basin affects farmers' behavior of soil and water conservation, planting and concurrent operation, which makes farmers' concrete management behavior different and regionalization obvious, resulting in low efficiency of agricultural production. The agricultural mechanization level is low, the grain yield is low and so on many problems; 3) the average productivity of cultivated land investigated in this basin is 75.14, if the loss of farmers' efficiency is eliminated. Farmers in the future agricultural production process there are 24.86% of the efficiency of the increase in the amount and potential space; 4) the quality of cultivated land in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau is one of the important reasons for restricting grain output. It may even have many adverse effects on the balance of ecosystem. Therefore, the basin should consider strengthening the agricultural infrastructure and improving the quality of cultivated land while expanding the scale of land plots through land regulation. Fully tap the potential of cultivated land production to improve grain production capacity; (5) the average efficiency of peasant households in small plots 鈮，

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