重庆市农村宅基地复垦耕地快速培肥技术研究

发布时间：2018-02-08 17:10

  本文关键词： 宅基地 复垦 培肥 紫色土 土壤肥力　出处：《西南大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：宅基地复垦土壤因砖头石块多、物理结构破坏严重,土壤养分状况差,土壤产出率低,故复垦后的耕地地力较差,很难被直接利用。因此,本研究实地调查并分析了重庆云阳县、涪陵区、铜梁区的宅基地复垦耕地质量现状；并以铜梁区宅基地复垦耕地为研究对象,通过大田试验,研究并分析了不同培肥方式下,复垦土壤物理、化学、生物等性质的变化；采用因子分析法,结合作物的产量和经济效益,进一步综合评价了不同培肥方式对宅基地复垦土壤培肥效益；以期选取较优的培肥方式,对宅基地复垦后的地力提升技术具有重大的现实意义,并为复垦耕地地力的提升提供科学依据。(1)根据调查研究发现,重庆铜梁区宅基地复垦后的土层厚度最厚；云阳县宅基地复垦耕地的砾石含量普遍偏高,铜梁区的最低,三个区县宅基地复垦后土壤砾石含量的空间差异均较为明显,其中涪陵区变异系数最高。复垦宅基地耕地的土壤有机质含量偏低,碱解氮的含量适中,速效钾含量整体偏高,有效磷含量普遍偏低。复垦后的土壤有机质及有效养分含量空间差异明显,均处于中高度变异。重庆市三个区县宅基地复垦后的耕地利用模式和耕地利用率存在差异,其中云阳县复垦片块未利用的程度最高(2)不同培肥方式对宅基地复垦后土壤的物理性状存在不同的影响。在整个培肥试验结束后,NS(L)处理能有效降低土壤容重,提高孔隙度。与CK相较,各培肥方式土壤含水率总体呈上升趋势,而随着试验时间的增加,NS(L)处理的土壤含水率较第一季增加量最大,为15.6%。在短时间内,施用有机肥培肥的处理(M、NM、MA、NM(L))较其他培肥处理(NS、NS(L)、B)能更有效地降低土壤砾石含量,其中垄作模式下化肥配施有机肥处理的效果最佳。有机肥培肥方式在短时间内能有效增加宅基地复垦后的0.25 mm土壤团聚体水稳定性,含量为26.50%-27.83%,特别是垄作条件下有机肥配施化肥的培肥方式。(3)不同培肥方式对宅基地复垦后土壤的化学性状存在差异。对土壤pH值而言,在短时间内,有机肥培肥方式能够有效地降低土壤pH值,其中NM(L)处理的最低,较CK降低了1.6%；而灰渣培肥方式较CK提高了4.5%。与基土相比,各培肥方式有效提高了宅基地复垦土壤有机质的含量；第二季培肥结束后,M、NM、NM(L)、NS(L)、NS、MA处理的土壤有机质含量较CK增加了0.04～1.66g/kg。对土壤养分全量而言,与基土相比,除B处理土壤全磷含量下降了8.8%外,不同培肥处理的土壤全氮、全磷、全钾均有不同程度的增加。连续两季培肥试验结束后,M、NM(L)、NS(L)处理都提高了耕层土壤全氮含量；在短时间内,有机肥培肥方式较其他方式能有效提高土壤全磷含量,在整个培肥试验后,有机肥配施灰渣(MA)处理较其他培肥方式更有助于提高土壤全磷含量；不同培肥方式对土壤全钾含量的影响不明显。各培肥方式下宅基地复垦土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾较基土皆有提高。与CK相比,NM(L)处理有效提高了土壤的碱解氮含量。对有效磷而言,两季培肥试验结束后,有机肥培肥方式(M、NM、NM(L))较CK增加了19%-28%,且单施有机肥效果最优,而长期单施化肥(CK)不利于土壤中有效磷的累积。有机肥培肥方式、秸秆覆盖培肥方式、生物有机肥培肥方式有利于耕层土壤速效钾的累积,特别是秸秆覆盖培肥效果更佳。(4)两季培肥试验结束后,单施化肥不利于土壤微量元素的累积,在垄作条件下,化肥配施有机肥在短时间内较其他培肥措施能更有效地增加土壤中微量元素的含量。(5)不同培肥方式对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响存在差异。第一季培肥试验后,NM(L)、M、MA、NS(L)、NS、NM处理的土壤微生物量碳较CK显著增加了50.74-139.38mg/kg,其中有机肥培肥方式效果最佳；与CK相比,NM(L)处理的土壤微生物量氮显著增加了64.8%(p0.05)；由于气候的原因,第二季培肥试验结束后土壤微生物量碳、氮下降,但NM(L)处理的土壤微生物量碳、氮较CK显著提高了101.7%、40.1%(pp0.05)。总体上,垄作模式下化肥配施有机肥的培肥方式较其他培肥方式的效果更佳,其次为化肥配施有机肥的培肥方式。(6)第一季培肥结束后,NM(L)处理的土壤脲酶活性最高,第二季作物收获时值8月,气温过高,抑制了尿酶活性,其中MA处理有效减缓了土壤尿酶活性的下降。与CK相比,有机肥培肥方式(M、NM、NM(L))的土壤磷酸活性有显著提高。两季培肥试验中,有机肥培肥方式增加了土壤过氧化氢酶活性,随着试验时间的增加,MA处理有利于促进土壤过氧化氢酶的活性,较第一季提高了13.6%。(7)培肥试验结束后,垄作的种植模式下,不管是施有机肥还是秸秆覆盖都能达到较好的增产效果,而垄作模式下施有机肥的效果更优。同时NM(L)处理经济效益达最大值。(8)土壤肥力质量综合得分的排序为NM(L)NS(L)NMMMANSB CK, B处理的综合得分略高于CK,可见单施化肥是最不利于土壤肥力质量提高的培肥方式,而B处理也没有达到预期的培肥效果。通过与不同培肥方式下宅基地复垦耕地油菜、玉米的产量做对比发现,产量较高的是NM(L)和NS(L),这与不同培肥处理下土壤肥力综合得分的变化趋势基本吻合。通过大田试验发现,垄作种植模式下,化肥配施有机肥是较好的快速培肥方式。
[Abstract]:The homestead reclamation soil because of brick and stone, physical structure destruction, soil nutrient poor soil, low yield, so after reclamation of cultivated land fertility is poor, it is difficult to be used directly. Therefore, the study of on-the-spot investigation and analysis of the Fuling Chongqing District, Yunyang County, Tongliang district status of homestead reclamation of cultivated land quality; taking Tongliang district land reclamation of cultivated land as the research object, through field experiments, research and analysis of different fertilizer treatments, soil physical and chemical changes, reclamation, biological properties; by using factor analysis method, combined with crop yield and economic benefits, further comprehensive evaluation of different fertilizer treatments on the Homestead reclamation soil fertility benefits; in order to select the optimal fertilization mode, it has important realistic meaning for the land after reclamation and reclamation technology for improvement of soil fertility, improve the cultivated land fertility and provide a scientific basis. (1) according to the regulation The investigation found that the thickness of soil reclamation in Chongqing District of Tongliang homestead after the most thick; Yunyang county land reclamation of arable land gravel was generally high, Tongliang district is the lowest, three county land reclamation soil gravel content spatial differences are obvious, especially in Fuling district. The coefficient of variation of the highest content of soil organic matter is low land reclamation of cultivated land, moderate alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content, available potassium content of the whole high effective phosphorus content is generally low. The spatial difference of soil organic matter and nutrient content after reclamation is obvious, are highly variable. The utilization rate of different modes and cultivated land of three counties of Homestead reclamation after cultivated land use in Chongqing city Yunyang County, the reclamation of unused pieces is highest (2) effects of different fertilizer treatments on soil physical properties of different land after reclamation. At the end of the experiment after fertilization, NS ( L) treatment can effectively reduce soil bulk density, increased the porosity. Compared with CK, the fertilizer soil water content rate of the overall upward trend, with the increase of test time, NS (L) soil water treatment rate over the first quarter increase in the largest amount of 15.6%. in a short period of time, treatment with organic fertilizer the (M, NM, MA, NM (L)) than other fertilizer treatments (NS, NS, B (L)) can more effectively reduce the soil gravel content, the ridge pattern of chemical and organic fertilizer treatment showed the best effect. The organic fertilizer of the way in a short time be able to effectively increase the homestead after reclamation of 0.25 mm soil aggregate water stability, especially the content of 26.50%-27.83%, organic fertilizer and tillage conditions fertilizer fertilizer. (3) different fertilizations on land reclamation soil chemical properties are different. The pH value of the soil, in a short period of time, organic fertilizer fertilizer effectively 鍦伴檷浣庡湡澹�pH鍊，

本文编号：1495943