长期间套作下作物生产力、稳定性和土壤肥力研究

发布时间：2018-02-13 15:26

本文关键词： 间套作补偿效应选择效应土壤肥力稳定性　出处：《中国农业大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：生物多样性能增加生态系统生产力和稳定性,其生态学理论基础是物种间的补偿和选择效应。间套作是增加农田生物多样性的主要方式,具有生产力和养分获得优势。但补偿和选择效应是否在间作优势的发挥中起着重要作用鲜见报道。在高产和高养分携出量情况下,生产力稳定性和土壤肥力如何变化是间套作能否可持续发展的关键问题。本论文基于2009年在甘肃(定位试验1)和宁夏(定位试验2)设立的2个间套作长期定位试验,在试验进行的第4-6年(2012-2014)研究补偿和选择效应对间套作生产力和养分获得优势的贡献以及连续间套作种植对生产力时间稳定性和土壤肥力(物理、化学和生物化学性状)的影响。主要得出以下结果:(1)蚕豆/玉米和鹰嘴豆/玉米连续间作具有生产力优势。定位试验1中,与相应单作体系相比,蚕豆/玉米和鹰嘴豆/玉米间作籽粒和生物产量分别增加29.5%、15.8%和33.5%、26.9%,土地当量比(LER)分别为1.35、1.22和1.15、1.18。大豆/玉米和油菜/玉米间作生产力优势不明显。与不施磷相比,施磷显著增加蚕豆/玉米籽粒和生物产量以及鹰嘴豆/玉米生物产量。定位试验2中,蚕豆/玉米间作籽粒和生物产量分别增产10.9%和7.1%,土地当量比(LER)分别为1.40和1.17。与不施氮相比,施氮分别增加蚕豆/玉米籽粒和生物产量17.0%-42.6%和16.8%-42.5%。蚕豆接种根瘤菌对体系生产力影响不显著。(2)间作体系生产力变化来源于物种间补偿和选择效应,不同作物搭配组合补偿和选择效应不同。定位试验1中,蚕豆/玉米间作生产力优势来源于正的补偿效应,鹰嘴豆/玉米间作生产力优势是正的补偿和选择效应共同作用的结果,大豆/玉米间作生产力变化只存在正的选择效应,油菜/玉米间作中负的选择效应抵消了正的补偿效应。此外,蚕豆/玉米生产力的补偿效应显著高于其他3个基于玉米的作物组合。对于生产力的选择效应,鹰嘴豆/玉米显著高于大豆/玉米,大豆/玉米显著高于油菜/玉米。定位试验2中,蚕豆/玉米生产力优势是正的补偿效应和负的选择效应相互作用的结果。(3)蚕豆/玉米和鹰嘴豆/玉米连续间作不仅具有生产力优势,还具有氮磷钾获得优势。定位试验1中,与单作相比,间作分别提高蚕豆/玉米和鹰嘴豆/玉米体系氮磷钾累积量23.4%-29.4%和22.1%-30.6%,对应的磷肥表观回收率分别增加19.3和12.9个百分点。大豆/玉米和油菜/玉米单间作氮磷钾累积量和磷肥表观回收率差异不显著。与不施磷相比,施磷显著增加所有作物组合体系的磷素累积量,增加蚕豆/玉米和鹰嘴豆/玉米体系的氮素累积量,增加鹰嘴豆/玉米体系的钾素累积量。定位试验2中,间作提高蚕豆/玉米体系氮磷钾累积量1.9%-22.4%,平均值为12.6%,提高氮肥表观回收率14.0-61.9个百分点。与不施氮相比,施氮增加体系氮磷钾累积量14.2%-44.6%。与低施氮量(75 kgN ha-1)相比,施氮之后体系氮肥表观回收率平均降低92.0%。(4)间作体系氮磷钾累积量的变化是补偿和选择效应共同作用的结果。定位试验1中,蚕豆/玉米间作氮和钾获得优势来源于正的补偿效应大于负的选择效应,磷获得优势是由正补偿效应引起的。大豆/玉米间作氮磷钾累积量的变化只存在正的选择效应。鹰嘴豆/玉米间作氮磷钾获得优势既存在正的补偿效应又存在正的选择效应。油菜/玉米间作养分累积量存在正的补偿和负的选择效应,二者相互抵消,导致无明显的间作养分获得优势。定位试验2中,蚕豆/玉米间作养分获得优势既存在正的补偿又存在负的选择效应。(5)连续间作能够维持或增加体系生产力时间稳定性。定位试验1中,与单作相比,间作能维持蚕豆/玉米、大豆/玉米和鹰嘴豆/玉米体系的生产力时间稳定性。在施磷条件下,间作降低蚕豆、鹰嘴豆和油菜作物的生产力时间稳定性。定位试验2中,间作增加蚕豆/玉米体系籽粒产量的时间稳定性,降低蚕豆籽粒产量的时间稳定性,增加玉米籽粒产量的时间稳定性。(6)不考虑施肥条件,与单作相比,连续间作能够维持或增加大部分土壤肥力指标。定位试验1中,间作和施磷能够维持土壤有机质和速效磷的长期稳定,增加土壤全氮1.0%。定位试验2中,与单作相比,间作分别显著增加土壤有机质和全氮10.3%和8.0%,维持土壤速效磷不降低。在基础肥力不同的土壤上间作均表现出对土壤水稳性团聚体和土壤酶活性的促进作用。定位试验1和2中,间作分别显著增加2 mm粒级土壤水稳性团聚体含量10.1%和9.1%,降低0.25-2、0.106-0.25和0.106 mm粒级土壤水稳性团聚体13.9%-24.2%。土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶和蔗糖酶活性提高幅度达6.9%-105.0%。综上所述,合理的作物搭配时,连续间作具有高产稳产的优势,间作优势是物种间补偿和选择效应相互作用的结果,种间促进作用可能在维持间作生产力长期稳定中起着重要作用。此外,在持续高产和高养分携出量下,间作能够维持甚至增加大部分土壤肥力指标,进而有利于间作优势的发挥。
[Abstract]:Biodiversity can increase productivity and stability of ecological system, the ecological theory is the basis of compensation and effect among species. Intercropping is mainly farmland biodiversity, with productivity and nutrient advantage. Plays an important role but rarely reported compensation and effect is the advantage in the play. In the high yield and high nutrient uptake conditions, soil fertility and productivity stability is a key problem how to change the intercropping of the sustainable development. This paper based on 2009 in Gansu and Ningxia (Experiment 1) (Experiment 2) 2 intercropping established a long-term fertilization experiment in the first 4-6 years (2012-2014) study on compensation and effect of intercropping productivity and nutrient advantage as well as the contribution of continuous intercropping planting on soil fertility and productivity stability (physical, chemical and biological Physical chemical properties) effect. The main results are as follows: (1) and faba bean / maize / chickpea intercropping with maize continuous productivity advantage. Experiment 1, compared with the corresponding monoculture system, faba bean / maize and chickpea / maize intercropping biomass and grain yield increased by 29.5% and 33.5% respectively, 15.8%, 26.9% and the land equivalent ratio (LER) were 1.35,1.22 and 1.15,1.18. in soybean / maize and rape / maize intercropping productivity advantage is not obvious. Compared with phosphorus, phosphorus significantly increased the biomass and grain yield of faba bean / maize and chickpea / maize biomass. A test 2, faba bean / maize intercropping grain and biomass the yield were increased by 10.9% and 7.1%, the land equivalent ratio (LER) 1.40 and 1.17. respectively with no nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer were increased in Faba Bean / maize grain yield and biological yield of faba bean 17.0%-42.6% and 16.8%-42.5%. inoculation on productivity impact system is Significant. (2) intercropping system productivity change from species compensation and effect of different crops collocation and combination of compensation and effect are different. In the 1 experiment, the compensation effect of faba bean / maize intercropping productivity advantage Yu Zheng, chickpea / maize intercropping productivity advantage is the common compensation and positive effect the results of soybean / maize intercropping productivity changes only exist positive selection effect, rapeseed / maize intercropping in the selection effect is offset by the negative effect of compensation is the compensation effect. In addition, faba bean / maize productivity was significantly higher than that of the other 3 corn crop. The selection effect based on the combination of productivity, chickpea / corn was significantly higher than that of soybean / corn, soybean / corn / maize was significantly higher than that of rape. Experiment 2, faba bean / maize productivity advantage is the compensation effect of positive and negative selection effects result from the interaction of silkworm (3). Beans and corn / maize / chickpea intercropping not only has continuous productivity advantages, also has the advantage of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium. Experiment 1, compared with monoculture, intercropping were increased in Faba Bean / maize and chickpea / maize system of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium accumulation of 23.4%-29.4% and 22.1%-30.6%, the corresponding phosphorus fertilizer apparent recovery respectively. An increase of 19.3 percentage points and 12.9 percentage points. The soybean / corn / maize and rape as a single nitrogen phosphorus potassium accumulation and fertilizer apparent recovery rate was not significant. Compared with phosphorus, phosphorus increased significantly in all crops combined system of phosphorus accumulation, increase in Faba Bean / maize and chickpea / maize nitrogen accumulation system the amount of increase, chickpea / maize system of potassium accumulation. Experiment 2, intercropped faba bean / maize system of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium accumulation amount of 1.9%-22.4%, the average value is 12.6%, increase the apparent nitrogen recovery rate of 14.0-61.9 percentage points compared with no nitrogen, Nitrogen increased nitrogen phosphorus and potassium accumulation in 14.2%-44.6%. system with low nitrogen (75 kgN HA-1) compared withnitrogen system n apparent average recovery rate of 92.0%. decreased (4) intercropping system of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium accumulation changes is a function of compensation and effect. Experiment 1, compensation effect faba bean / maize intercropping advantage source of nitrogen and potassium is greater than the effect of the negative selection of Yu Zheng, P advantage is caused by the compensation effect. The changes of soybean / maize intercropping and nitrogen phosphorus and potassium accumulation effect. There is only positive chickpea / maize intercropping of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium has the positive effect of the compensation there is an advantage to choose effect. Rapeseed / maize intercropping nutrient accumulation has a positive and negative selection of compensation effect, offset by two, resulting in no obvious intercropping advantage. Nutrient Experiment 2, faba bean / maize intercropping advantage can obtain nutrients There is compensation and negative selection effects. (5) continuous intercropping could maintain or increase the system productivity time stability. Experiment 1, compared with monoculture, intercropping could maintain the faba bean / maize, soybean / maize and chickpea / maize system productivity time stability. In phosphorus conditions, between for lower productivity time beans, chickpeas and stability of Brassica crops. Experiment 2, intercropping increased the time stability of faba bean / maize system grain yield, reduce the time stability of grain yield of faba bean, increase the time stability of grain yield of maize. (6) do not consider the condition of fertilization, compared with monoculture, intercropping can be continuous to maintain or increase the soil fertility index. Most of Experiment 1, the long-term stability of intercropping and phosphorus can maintain soil organic matter and available phosphorus, soil total nitrogen increased 1.0%. Experiment 2, compared with monoculture, intercropping Respectively, significantly increased soil organic matter and total nitrogen of 10.3% and 8%, to maintain the soil available phosphorus is not reduced. Based on the soil fertility of different intercropping showed the aggregates and soil enzyme activity of soil water stable role. Experiment 1 and 2, intercropping significantly increased respectively 2 mm grade soil water stable the content of aggregate 10.1% and 9.1% 0.25-2,0.106-0.25 and 0.106 mm, reduce the size of soil water stable aggregates of 13.9%-24.2%. soil acid phosphatase, urease, nitrate reductase and invertase activity increased 6.9%-105.0%. in summary, rational crop collocation, continuous intercropping with high yield advantage of intercropping advantage is species compensation and interaction effect the results of interspecific facilitation may play an important role in maintaining long-term stability in productivity. In addition, carrying out the amount of sustained high yield and high nutrient under Intercropping Maintaining or even increasing most of the soil fertility index is beneficial to the advantage of intercropping.

【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S344.3;S158

【参考文献】