乌裕尔河流域侵蚀沟格局及其演变过程

发布时间：2018-03-10 08:02

本文选题：乌裕尔河　切入点：遥感　出处：《东北林业大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：东北黑土区是我国主要的粮食生产区和重要的商品粮生产基地,对维护国家粮食生产安全具有举足轻重的作用。长期以来,人类的过度开垦及不合理的耕作方式导致黑土区发生了非常严重的水土流失。东北黑土区侵蚀沟分布广泛,水土流失损失巨大。侵蚀沟的发展不仅吞噬耕地,剥蚀表土,而且降低土壤肥力,影响粮食产量。3S技术的发展和应用为侵蚀沟的研究提供了方便、科学和高效准确的方法。为开展大尺度和较长时间序列的侵蚀沟定位和定量研究提供了方便条件。本研究利用RS及GIS技术,依据乌裕尔河流域1965年、2005年及2012年三期高分辨率遥感影像,运用人工解译和野外验证相结合的方法提取侵蚀沟信息。由于侵蚀沟的解译工作量大,环境条件复杂多变,需要多人协作完成。为了统一不同人员的解译精度和质量,得到相对真实、准确的结果,本研究建立侵蚀沟解译标志,总结出解译的相关经验,规范了侵蚀沟的提取方法和步骤,并对解译结果进行实地核查,最终得到了能够反映实际情况的侵蚀沟解译成果。通过对相关自然环境要素进行数字化处理,分析三期土地利用数据、气象数据、地形数据、土壤数据、地质数据和侵蚀沟数量及分布数据。研究侵蚀沟的格局、演变过程与影响因素之间的相关关系,进行侵蚀沟风险评价与区划,并提出侵蚀沟治理的紧迫性分级,取得成果如下：1、研究区内1965年侵蚀沟2463条,2005年侵蚀沟11052条,2012年侵蚀沟12381条。经过近50年的发展演变,2012年侵蚀沟数量是1965年的5.03倍。1965年的平均侵蚀沟裂度是620.36 m2/km2,2005年的平均侵蚀沟裂度是3718.49m2/km2,2012年的平均侵蚀沟裂度是4723.10 m2/km2。2012年平均侵蚀沟裂度是1965年的7.61倍。从侵蚀沟裂度的演变趋势分析,1965年,研究区侵蚀沟比较分散,只是在中部、东南部略有集中;至2005年,侵蚀沟分布范围不断扩展,裂度的极值提高了2.79倍,侵蚀沟具有集中连片发展的趋势;2012年,侵蚀沟裂度极值虽然有所降低,但是整体裂度值持续增加,侵蚀沟已经形成集中连片的分布格局。2、研究区侵蚀沟的格局和发展受多种因素影响,主要影响因素为降雨因素、地形因素、土壤因素、地表覆被因素和人类活动因素。单项因素分析表明：侵蚀沟裂度的发展随着降水侵蚀力的增加而增加；侵蚀沟裂度随着坡度的增加而增加,当坡度为3-4°时侵蚀沟裂度达到最高,然后随坡度的增加而逐渐降低；研究区内侵蚀沟裂度在西坡和西南坡二个方向上最高；坡形的侵蚀沟裂度差异不明显；研究区内主要分布的四种土壤中,黑土和草甸土的侵蚀沟裂度较高；地质分类中玄武岩和冲积岩地区侵蚀沟裂度最高：根据土地覆被要素即土地利用类型的不同来看,耕地毋庸置疑的成为侵蚀沟产生和发展的首要载体。1965年、2005年和2012年三期侵蚀沟裂度与各影响因素的相关性分析证明：本研究区域侵蚀沟裂度的首要影响因素为降水侵蚀力(R)。坡度、地质、地表覆被因子(C)、地形湿度指数(TWI)、以及距居民点距离等因素也都与侵蚀沟裂度呈显著相关性。而坡向和坡形因素与侵蚀沟裂度未呈现显著相关性。从2005年到2012年侵蚀沟发展速度加快,侵蚀沟裂度值年均增长143.51m2/km2,需尽快开展有效治理措施。3、通过对各种侵蚀沟影响要素进行回归分析,并对侵蚀沟发展具有显著影响的主要因素进行叠加,制作出研究区的侵蚀沟风险分区图。通过对2012年的侵蚀沟裂度进行分析,提出了研究区的侵蚀沟治理紧迫性,并对紧迫性进行了分级。4、本研究创新之处：在典型东北黑土区用三期遥感影像及解译的侵蚀沟数据,开展了近50年长时间序列的侵蚀沟发展、演变研究；通过叠加侵蚀沟发展主要影响因子的方法,对研究区进行了侵蚀沟风险分区,并对未来研究区的侵蚀沟发展风险进行了区划；基于侵蚀沟发展现状进行了侵蚀沟治理的紧迫性分级,并形成了相应图件。研究结果为流域内侵蚀沟的治理提供了技术支持和科学依据。
[Abstract]:The black soil region of Northeast China is a major grain production area in China and the important commodity grain production base, has an important role in safeguarding the national security of food production. For a long time, human excessive reclamation and farming methods caused by unreasonable black soil area happened serious soil erosion. Erosion in black soil region of Northeast China are widely distributed, soil erosion the loss is huge. The development of gully erosion not only consume arable land, reduce soil fertility and soil erosion, and provide a convenient effect on the development and application of.3S technology in grain yield as erosion ditch, scientific and efficient. The method provides convenient conditions for positioning and quantitative Study on erosion of large scale and long time series. This study uses RS and GIS technology, according to the 1965 Wuyuer River Basin, in 2005 and 2012 three high resolution remote sensing images, the use of artificial interpretation and field verification. The information extraction method of gully erosion gully. Due to the interpretation of the workload, the environment condition is complex and changeable, need many people to collaborate. In order to translation accuracy and quality of unified solutions of different personnel, are relatively real, accurate results, this study established the erosion gully interpretation signs, and sum up the experience and interpretation. Specification of the extraction method of gully erosion and steps, and field verification of the interpretation results obtained can reflect the actual situation of the erosion gully interpretation. Digital processing by elements of the natural environment, analysis of three land use data, meteorological data, terrain data, soil data, the number and distribution of data the geological data and the erosion gully. Study on gully erosion pattern, the relationship between the evolution process and the influence factors, erosion ditch and division of risk assessment, and put forward the urgency of the classification of erosion control, achieve The results are as follows: 1, the study area in 1965 2463 erosion gully erosion gully, 2005 11052, 2012 12381. Erosion after nearly 50 years of development and evolution, the number is the average 2012 erosion gully erosion gully in 1965 5.03 times.1965 year split is the average erosion ditch 620.36 m2/km22005 years is the average erosion intensity Gou 3718.49m2/km22012 years of fracture degree is 4723.10 m2/km2.2012 average annual erosion intensity is 7.61 times that of 1965. From the analysis of erosion ditch crack, the evolution trend of 1965, the study area of erosion gully scattered, just in the middle, Southeast slightly concentrated; to 2005, the distribution range of gully erosion continues to expand, the extreme intensity increase 2.79 times, has concentrated erosion gully development trend; in 2012, erosion intensity extreme value althoughdecrease, but the overall intensity value continued to increase, erosion ditch has formed a distribution pattern of.2 concentrated the study area The pattern and development of gully erosion is affected by many factors, the main factors affecting the rainfall, topography, soil, land cover and human activity factors. Single factor analysis showed that the degree of erosion of fissure development increased with the increase of rainfall erosivity; erosion degree of fissure along with the slope increases when the slope is 3-4 degrees, the highest degree of erosion ditch crack, and then gradually decreased with the increase of slope and gully erosion in the study area; split in two directions in the west slope and the southwestern slope of the highest erosion gully slope shape; split the difference is not obvious; the research of four kinds of soil in the area is mainly distributed in the the black soil and meadow soil erosion gully, the crack is relatively high; geological classification of basalt and alluvial rock fissure erosion area: according to the highest degree of land cover elements of land use types, farmland undoubtedly become erosion gully production And the development of the main carrier of.1965, 2005 and 2012 three gully fracture degree and the influence factors of correlation analysis show that: the study area of erosion gully primary factors of crack for rainfall erosivity (R). The slope, geology, land cover factor (C), Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). And distance to residential area and other factors are also erosion and fissure degree was significantly correlated. While the slope and slope erosion factors and fissure degree did not show significant correlation. From 2005 to 2012, the gully development speed, erosion intensity value of average annual growth of 143.51m2/km2, takes effective measures to carry out.3 regression as soon as possible. Through the analysis of influence factors of erosion gully erosion gully, and the main factors of the development has a significant impact on the stack, making the study area erosion risk maps. By 2012 the fracture degree of erosion gully is analyzed, put forward the research The urgency of the erosion control area, and the urgency of the classification of.4, the innovation of this research: three remote sensing images and interpretation of gully erosion data in typical black soil region of Northeast China, the erosion gully development, nearly 50 older time series evolution research; through superposition method the main influence factors of erosion gully development the study area the gully erosion risk zoning, and the risk of future development of gully studied area zoning; the current situation of the development of gully erosion were carried out based on the urgency of classification of erosion control, and the formation of the corresponding maps. The research results provide technical support and scientific basis for the management of the gully watershed.

【学位授予单位】：东北林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S157.1

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