小兴安岭北麓典型区域耕地地力及生产潜力研究

发布时间：2018-03-16 03:20

本文选题：高纬度地区　切入点：土壤属性　出处：《东北林业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：耕地是国家或地区农村经济发展及社会稳定的物质基础,耕地的数量安全、质量安全及生态安全,直接影响粮食的生产、供应安全。粮食安全与生态环境逐渐得到国家的高度重视及社会的广泛关注,发展生态农业和可持续农业,转变农业生产方式,保护耕地的数量和质量,提高耕地的综合生产能力成为解决当今粮食安全的重点。黑龙江省是我国重要的粮食主产区和商品粮生产基地,在国家粮食安全体系中具有举足轻重的作用；其在耕地面积、土壤条件、机械化水平、粮食商品率等方面具备粮食生产的优势,但生产成本高、农产品竞争力弱、基础设施不配套、产业化水平低等方面一直是农业发展的瓶颈。黑龙江省北部小兴安岭典型区域受到气候条件、地形地貌、基础设施、生产技术等综合因素的影响,粮食综合生产水平相对其它地区落后。农业生产作为该区域农村经济发展的重要组成部分,开展耕地地力及生产潜力分析,探明该区域的耕地土壤养分状况、特征、变化规律及粮食生产潜力,对于种植业结构调整、科学管理农业生产、稳定粮食增长及粮食安全相关政策制定具有重要的战略意义。本文结合黑龙江省耕地地力评价项目,针对小兴安岭北麓典型区域耕地进行采样调查,综合利用地理信息系统(GIS)、地统计学、模糊数学理论、特尔斐法-层次分析法等建立研究区域耕地资源属性及空间数据库,分析第二次土壤普查以后30年间耕地土壤肥力的变化情况。结果表明：与第二次土壤普查相比有机质、全氮、速效钾平均含量分别下降了41.7%、28.7%、40.7%,有效磷平均含量上升了64.6%,土壤pH有所下降。用累积曲线法把该区域的耕地划分为5个等级：一等地面积为26842hm2,占全区域总面积的8%；二等地面积为77375.13hm2,占全区域总面积的23.2%；三等地面积为102343.5hm2,占全区域总面积的30.6%；四等地面积为84168.49hm2,占全区域总面积的25.2%；五等地面积为43321.3hm2,占全区域总面积的13%；可根据不同地力等级及土类分布特点,开展有针对性的耕地利用、项目设置及种植业结构调整。应用耕地地力综合指数法进行耕地生产潜力分析,高产区、中高产区占总面积31.2%,粮食生产潜力(GPP)占总产能的42.5%；而中低产区占总面积68.8%,粮食生产潜力(GPP)占总产能57.5%；小兴安岭区域受气候、地形等因素限制,农业生产相对滞后,应加大此区域的重视力度,经中低产田改造、农田基础设施建设后,成为粮食增产的潜力区域。本研究结果表明,在过去的30年间,因耕地利用不合理及粗放式的生产方式导致当地耕地土壤理化性状变劣、养分供应失衡。因此,为提高小兴安岭地区耕地利用效率和耕地生产潜能,应加强农业生态系统结构和功能的调整与优化,逐步建立合理、高效、稳定的系统及应用方式。
[Abstract]:Cultivated land is the material foundation of the country or region's rural economic development and social stability. The quantity safety, quality safety and ecological security of cultivated land directly affect the grain production. Security of supply. Food security and ecological environment have been paid more and more attention by the state and society. Ecological agriculture and sustainable agriculture have been developed, agricultural production mode has been changed, and the quantity and quality of cultivated land has been protected. Improving the comprehensive production capacity of cultivated land has become the focus of solving the current food security. Heilongjiang Province is an important grain production area and commodity grain production base in China, which plays an important role in the national food security system; it plays an important role in the cultivated land area. Soil conditions, the level of mechanization, and the rate of grain commodities have the advantages of grain production, but the cost of production is high, the competitiveness of agricultural products is weak, and the infrastructure is not matched. The low level of industrialization has always been the bottleneck of agricultural development. The typical area of Xiaoxingan Mountains in northern Heilongjiang Province is affected by comprehensive factors such as climate conditions, topography, infrastructure, production technology, etc. As an important part of rural economic development in this region, agricultural production is an important part of rural economic development. The analysis of cultivated land fertility and productive potential is carried out to find out the soil nutrient status and characteristics of cultivated land in this region. The law of change and the potential of grain production are of great strategic significance for the adjustment of crop structure, the scientific management of agricultural production, the stabilization of grain growth and the formulation of policies related to food security. Based on the sampling investigation of typical cultivated land in the north foot of Xiaoxinganling Mountains, a comprehensive use of geographic information system (GIS), geostatistics, fuzzy mathematics theory, Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to establish the attribute and spatial database of cultivated land resources in the study area. The change of soil fertility in cultivated land during the past 30 years after the second soil census was analyzed. The results showed that compared with the second soil census, organic matter, total nitrogen, The average content of available potassium decreased by 41.7%, the average content of available phosphorus increased by 64.6and the soil pH decreased. The cultivated land in this area was divided into five grades by the method of cumulative curve: the area of the first grade was 26842hm2, which accounted for 8% of the total area of the whole region; The isobaric area is 77375.13hm2accounting for 23.22of the total area of the whole region; the third-class land area is 102343.5hm2, accounting for 30.66hm2of the total area of the whole region; the fourth grade area is 84168.49hm2, which accounts for 25.2hm2 of the total area of the whole region; the fifth grade land area is 43321.3hm2, which accounts for 13.3% of the total area of the whole region; according to the different land force, the area can be determined by different forces. Grade and soil distribution, To carry out targeted cultivated land utilization, project setting and planting structure adjustment. The productive potential of cultivated land is analyzed by using the method of comprehensive index of cultivated land fertility, and the area with high yield is analyzed. The middle and high producing areas account for 31.2 percent of the total area, the grain production potential is 42.5 percent of the total production capacity, while the middle and low production areas account for 68.8 percent of the total area, and the grain production potential accounts for 57.55.The Xiaoxinganling region is restricted by climate, topography, and other factors, and agricultural production is relatively lagging behind. It is necessary to pay more attention to this area, which has become the potential area for increasing grain production after the transformation of middle and low yield fields and the construction of farmland infrastructure. The results of this study show that in the past 30 years, The unreasonable and extensive mode of production of cultivated land leads to the deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties and the imbalance of nutrient supply. Therefore, in order to improve the utilization efficiency of cultivated land and the productive potential of cultivated land in Xiaoxinganling region, The adjustment and optimization of the structure and function of agricultural ecosystem should be strengthened, and a reasonable, efficient and stable system and its application way should be established step by step.
【学位授予单位】：东北林业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S158

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