豆科间作和地表覆盖对作物生长和土壤养分的影响研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 08:54

本文选题：豆科　切入点：间作　出处：《上海大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在我国人口数量的巨大压力下,农业生产中为了追求更高的粮食产量而日益投入更多的化肥和农药,这对土壤环境、水环境和大气环境都产生了一定的污染。为了减少农业生产中化肥和农药的使用,本文在上海市青浦区郊区选择典型蔬菜生产基地,采用豆科作物间作、豆科作物覆盖、豆科绿肥三种方式,探讨在有机农业前提下探索应用豆科作物降低常见果蔬生产投入并提高果蔬产量的相对优良模式。为豆科作物在有机农业发展上的进一步应用提供理论基础,为减少化肥和农药污染、开拓环境友好型农业生产提供理论依据。通过番茄豆科间作、青椒/茄子豆科间作及覆盖、冬季小青菜豆科绿肥间作四个试验的试验与分析,获得如下主要结果:(1)番茄与豆科间作,番茄株高显著增加。番茄与架豆间作使番茄增产15.7%。架豆间作使土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾分别增加16.9%、14.0%、26.6%和23.4%;地豆间作也有显著增肥效应。架豆或地豆间作还可显著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性。其中架豆间作使脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性分别提高64.6%、26.8%和25.5%。相比之下,番茄非豆科作物间作,对土壤增氮、增磷效应不明显,反而使番茄减产。(2)与对照(单作)相比,青椒与地豆、毛豆间作,分别使青椒果实的直径增大了37.8%和32.4%,使单个青椒重量增加36.5%和30.8%。毛豆间作使青椒增产19.6%。青椒与地豆、毛豆间作,分别使碱解氮含量增加了28.4%和20.3%,使有效磷的含量分别增加了24.6%和20.0%。草头覆盖使碱解氮含量增加了35.9%,使有效磷的含量分别增加了14.2%,使速效钾含量增加44.1%。在青椒成熟中期,青椒与地豆、毛豆间作分别使脲酶活性提高加了29.3%和30.9%,蔗糖酶活性提高了39.4%和28.6%,磷酸酶活性提高34.7%和43.5%。草头覆盖使蔗糖酶活性提高了38.8%,磷酸酶活性提高了21.7%。在青椒成熟后期,地豆、毛豆间作分别使脲酶活性提高了24.5%和21.1%,使磷酸酶活性提高了25.0%和28.1%。(3)茄子与地豆、毛豆间作,分别使单株茄子结果数增加了30%和20%,地豆间作使茄果直径增大了17.8%,地豆、毛豆间作分别使茄子产量增加了21.1%和18.2%,茄子可溶性蛋白质含量增加了24.3%和18.7%,茄子可溶性总糖含量增加了66.2%和35.2%。茄子与地豆间作使茄子土壤脲酶活性提高了27.9%,蔗糖酶活性提高了30.9%,磷酸酶的活性提高了13.1%。草头覆盖使蔗糖酶活性提高了36.5%,但是没有增产效应,对茄子品质也没有显著影响。(4)小青菜单作的株高显著高于间作的小青菜株高,小青菜与紫云英间作,使小青菜总产量比对照(单作)增产28.4%,使小青菜的可溶性蛋白质和可溶性总糖含量分别增加了33.6%和73.6%;小青菜与箭舌豌豆间作,使小青菜的可溶性总糖含量增加了62.5%。间作对小青菜有机酸和叶绿素含量无显著影响。小青菜与箭舌豌豆、紫云英间作,均可以显著提高小青菜土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性。小青菜的整个成熟期,间作的脲酶、蔗糖酶活性始终高于单作;磷酸酶的活性在小青菜成熟的中后期得到显著提高;过氧化氢酶的活性没有受到豆科绿肥间作的影响。通过对冬季小青菜豆科绿肥间作的经济效益分析,认为小青菜与紫云英间作可获得最高的净收入1282元,可见在有机农业条件下种植冬季小青菜,考虑选择紫云英或箭舌豌豆作为间作绿肥,可达到增产增收的目的。(5)以上四个试验均显示:土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性与土壤有效态氮、磷、钾的含量呈显著或极显著的相关性。(6)豆科间作在上海郊区可持续农业发展中具有重要作用和意义。
[Abstract]:In the great pressure of population, grain yield in agricultural production in order to pursue higher and more more chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the soil environment, water environment and atmospheric environment have certain pollution. In order to reduce the chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production use, the paper selects the typical vegetable production base in the Shanghai City suburb of Qingpu District, the legume crop intercropping legume crop cover, legumes in three ways, on the premise of organic agriculture to explore the application of leguminous crops to reduce common fruits and vegetables production input and improve the relative good mode of production of fruits and vegetables. To provide a theoretical basis for the further application of leguminous plants in the development of organic agriculture, to reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide pollution, development of environment-friendly agriculture to provide a theoretical basis. The tomato / eggplant peppers legume intercropping, intercropping and winter legume cover, small green bean Test and analysis of four trials as a green manure, the main results are as follows: (1) tomato and bean intercropping, the plant height increased significantly. Tomato and bean intercropping make tomato yield 15.7%. bean intercropping soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were increased by 16.9%, 14%, 26.6% and 23.4%; also has a significant effect to the beans. Some bean or Pea Intercropping can significantly improve soil urease, invertase and phosphatase activity. The bean intercropping urease, invertase and phosphatase activity were increased by 64.6%, compared to 26.8% and 25.5%., tomato non legume crop intercropping increased the nitrogen of soil, increasing phosphorus effect is not obvious, but the tomato production. (2) compared with the control (monoculture), green pepper and potato, soybean intercropping, respectively the pepper fruit diameter increased by 37.8% and 32.4%, which increased the weight of 36.5% 30.8%. and a single green soybean intercropping to pepper yield by 1 9.6%. green pepper and soybean, soybean intercropping, respectively. Nitrogen content increased by 28.4% and 20.3%, the content of effective phosphorus were increased by 24.6% and 20.0%. grass coverage increased by 35.9% the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, the effective phosphorus content were increased by 14.2%, the content of available potassium increased 44.1%. in green pepper in medium maturity with green pepper, bean, soybean intercropping urease activity increased respectively with 29.3% and 30.9%, invertase activity increased by 39.4% and 28.6%, phosphatase activity increased 34.7% and 43.5%. grass covered so invertase activity increased 38.8%, phosphatase activity increased 21.7%. in Pepper late mature beans, soybean intercropping urease respectively. The activity increased by 24.5% and 21.1%, the phosphatase activity increased by 25% and 28.1%. (3) and eggplant bean, soybean intercropping, respectively. The results of individual eggplant number was increased by 30% and 20%, to make soybean intercropping fruit diameter increased 17.8%, beans, Soybean intercropping respectively the eggplant yield increased by 21.1% and 18.2%, the soluble protein content of eggplant increased by 24.3% and 18.7%, total soluble sugar content of eggplant increased by 66.2% and 35.2%. and eggplant intercropping soil urease activity of eggplant increased 27.9%, invertase activity increased 30.9%, phosphatase activity increased 13.1%. grass mulching. Invertase activity increased by 36.5%, but had no effect on yield had no significant effect on Eggplant quality. (4) cabbage plant height was significantly higher than that of monoculture intercropping cabbage plant height, small vegetables and milk vetch intercropping, the total yield of greengrocery than control (monoculture) increased by 28.4%, the total soluble sugar content protein and soluble greengrocery were increased by 33.6% and 73.6%; small vegetables and vetch intercropping, the soluble sugar content of cabbage increased 62.5%. intercropping organic acid and chlorophyll content of Brassica chinensis No significant effect. Small vegetables with vetch, Chinese milk vetch intercropping could significantly improve greengrocery soil urease, invertase and phosphatase activity. The small vegetables throughout the ripening period of intercropping, urease, invertase activity was always higher than that of monoculture; phosphatase activity has been significantly improved in the late ripe green cabbage; catalase activity was not affected by intercropping legumes. The winter cabbage legume intercropping economic benefit analysis, that small vegetables and milk vetch intercropping can obtain the highest net income 1282 yuan, grow vegetables in the winter visible small organic farming conditions, choose Chinese milk vetch or vetch as intercropping green manure can increase the yield and income. (5) the four experiments showed that soil urease, invertase, phosphatase activity and soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, were significantly related to the potassium content (6) the intercropping of leguminous families has an important role and significance in the sustainable agricultural development in the suburb of Shanghai.

【学位授予单位】：上海大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S344;S158

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