新疆农业生态系统能值分析

发布时间：2018-03-19 17:55

本文选题：农业生态系统　切入点：能值分析　出处：《新疆大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：农业是国民经济建设与发展的基础,是最基本的物质生产部门,它能为其它部门的发展提供原材料和动力。对于新疆这样一个农业大区来说,农业、农村经济健康可持续发展不仅关系到新疆的长治久安和整体经济水平的提升,甚至对我国国民经济的发展都具有重要影响。近年来,随着中央和自治区政府不断加大对农业的政策扶持和经济投入,新疆农业发展速度较快。但也存在一些因素影响甚至限制着农业的发展,如农业人口众多,农业机械化、现代化水平低,农业环境资源利用效率不高,农民的整体素质和收入不高,农业生态环境比较脆弱等。因此,如何科学评价新疆农业生态系统,合理配置利用环境资源,优化产业、产品结构,提升农产品质量,提高新疆农业发展水平和可持续发展能力是值得深入研究的问题。现有对新疆农业生态系统的研究主要侧重于农业的经济效益,而对农业生产过程中环境因素、自然环境资源的投入方面考虑的较少,这就不可避免的忽略了环境资源在农业发展中的作用。由美国生态学家H.T.Odum于20世纪80年代后期创立的能值理论与分析方法为生态系统可持续发展开辟了一条新的研究途径。运用该理论和分析方法可以把生态环境系统和人类社会经济系统有机联系和统一起来,定量分析经济社会和环境资源对于农业经济发展的贡献,对优化新疆农业生态系统环境资源与经济投入的比例,提高环境资源的利用效率,调整农业产业、产品结构以及促进农业的可持续发展都具有十分重要的现实意义。本文以新疆农业生态系统为研究对象,应用能值理论和分析方法,对2004一2013年新疆农业生态系统的能值投入结构和产出结构以及能值指标进行动态分析。首先,将环境资源、经济投入对农业生态系统的贡献以能值的形式量化,分析系统运行的缺陷和不足之处;其次,根据农业生态系统的能值产出状况,分析产业和产品结构状况;最后,在前面研究的基础上,构建农业生态系统的能值分析指标体系,对系统的结构、功能等方面进行一个科学性的、综合性的、动态性的评价。研究结果如下:(1)新疆农业生态系统总能值投入变化情况受年均降水量影响较大,稀少的降水量在很大程度上影响并限制着新疆农业的发展。(2)农业生态系统自给能力较强,对自然环境资源依赖程度很高,但这种依赖度是逐渐减小的。(3)农业生态系统的能值投资率0.1228—0.2126之间,总体趋势是上升的,但远低于世界平均水平(能值投资率为2左右),系统对环境资源的利用程度在逐步增加,但利用水平仍然较低。(4)农业生态系统处在劳动密集型的发展阶段,农业仍具有传统农业的生产特点,对劳动力、畜力的依赖性较大,机械化水平较低。(5)经济投入能值利用效率较高,农产品有较强的竞争优势,农业的经济效益也相对较高。(6)农业生态系统的环境承载率较小,农业生产对整个自然环境的影响性小,但影响力在逐年增加。(7)农业产业结构均衡性逐渐趋向不平衡发展,各产业优势度差异变大。(8)2004—2013年新疆农业生态系统稳定性指数一直保持在0.5以上,并整体呈现缓慢下降趋势,系统稳定性在逐渐减弱。(9)农业生态系统能值的可持续性指数是远大于10的,这说明了农业的发展水平不高,对自然环境资源的开发程利用度不够,农业生态系统的可持续发展能力较弱。根据研究得到的结论,本文有针对性的提出了具体的可行的对策建议:优化系统能值投入结构,增加经济投入能值,提高农业生态系统运行效率;优化系统能值产出结构,继续加快产业、产品结构调整与转型升级;增加农业科技投入,提高自然环境资源的利用效率,增加农业经济竞争力;提升农产品加工水平,增加农民收入和农业经济投入的来源;保护自然环境资源,加强生态环境建设,促进农业生态系统可持续发展。
[Abstract]:Agriculture is the foundation of the construction and development of the national economy, is the most basic material production departments, it can provide raw materials and power for the development of other departments. For Xinjiang such a big agricultural area, agriculture, rural economic sustainable development is not only related to the level of Xinjiang in Changzhi for a long time and the raise of the overall economy, are important even with the development of our national economy. In recent years, with the central and regional governments continue to increase agricultural policy support and economic investment, Xinjiang agricultural development faster. But there are also some factors affecting even restrict the development of agriculture, such as agricultural population, agricultural mechanization, low level of modernization, agricultural environmental resource utilization efficiency is not high, the overall quality of the farmers and the income is not high, agricultural ecological environment is relatively fragile. Therefore, how to scientifically evaluate the Xinjiang agriculture ecological system, reasonable Allocation and utilization of environmental resources, optimize the industrial structure, product, enhance the quality of agricultural products, improve the level of agricultural development in Xinjiang and the ability of sustainable development is a problem worthy of further study. The existing research on agricultural ecological system in Xinjiang mainly focuses on agricultural economic benefits, and the environmental factors in the process of agricultural production, environmental and natural resources into consideration the less, which inevitably neglected the role of environmental resources in the development of agriculture. Founded by the American ecologist H.T.Odum in late 1980s the emergy theory and analysis method provides a new way for the sustainable development of ecological system. By using the theory and methods of analysis to ecological environment system and the social and economic systems organic and unified, quantitative analysis of economic social and environmental resources contribute to the development of agricultural economy, to optimize the new Xinjiang agricultural ecosystem environmental resources and economic investment, improve the use efficiency of the environmental resources, the adjustment of the agricultural industry, has important significance to product structure and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. The agricultural ecological system in Xinjiang as the research object, the application of emergy theory and analysis method of agricultural ecological system from 2004 to 2013 Xinjiang energy input and output structure and dynamic analysis of emergy indicators. Firstly, the environment resources, the quantification of economic investment on agricultural ecosystem contribution to the energy value analysis, system defects and deficiencies; secondly, according to the agriculture ecosystem emergy analysis of industries and products the structure of status; finally, on the basis of previous research, emergy analysis index system of agricultural ecological system, the system architecture, function and other aspects of a family Study of the comprehensive and dynamic evaluation. The results are as follows: (1) the agricultural ecosystem of Xinjiang total energy input changes affected by annual precipitation, precipitation are largely affected and restricted the development of Xinjiang agriculture. (2) self-sufficiency in agricultural ecosystem is strong, the the natural environment resources dependence is very high, but this dependence is gradually decreased. (3) the agricultural ecosystem emergy investment ratio from 0.1228 to 0.2126, the overall trend is rising, but far below the world average (the value of the investment rate is 2 left and right), the degree of utilization of environmental resources in the system gradually increase, but the use level is still low. (4) the agricultural ecological system in the stage of development of labor intensive agricultural production, still has the characteristics of traditional agriculture depends strongly on labor, animal power, low mechanization level. (5) economic input emergy benefit With higher efficiency, the agricultural products have a strong competitive advantage, the economic efficiency of agriculture is relatively high. (6) the rate of small agricultural ecosystem environment, agricultural production impact on the natural environment of small, but the influence is increasing year by year. (7) the agricultural industrial structure equilibrium gradually became unbalanced development, the the industry dominance difference. (8) from 2004 to 2013, the stability of agricultural ecosystem in Xinjiang index has remained above 0.5, and overall declined slowly, the stability of the system in the waning. (9) agro ecosystem emergy sustainability index is greater than 10, indicating that the development level of agriculture is not high, the development of natural resources, Cheng Li charge of agriculture ecological system is not enough, the sustainable development ability is weak. According to the conclusions of the study, this paper has feasible suggestions put forward specific optimization system The emergy investment structure, increase investment value, improve the efficiency of agricultural ecological system; optimization of emergy output structure, continue to accelerate the industry, product structure adjustment and transformation and upgrading; increase investment in agricultural science and technology, improve the utilization efficiency of natural resources, increase agricultural economic competitiveness; improve the level of the agricultural products processing, increase the income of farmers and the agricultural economic input sources; the protection of natural resources, strengthen the construction of ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of agricultural ecological system.

【学位授予单位】：新疆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F323.22

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